वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-95, verse-21

व्यायच्छमानं तं दृष्ट्वा तत्परं रावणं रणे ।
प्रहसन्निव काकुत्स्थः संदधे सायकाञ् शितान् ॥२१॥

21. vyāyacchamānaṃ taṃ dṛṣṭvā tatparaṃ rāvaṇaṃ raṇe ,
prahasanniva kākutsthaḥ saṃdadhe sāyakāñ śitān.

21. vyāyacchamānam tam dṛṣṭvā tatparam rāvaṇam raṇe
prahasan iva kākutsthaḥ saṃdadhe sāyakān śitān

21. raṇe vyāyacchamānam tatparam tam rāvaṇam dṛṣṭvā,
kākutsthaḥ prahasan iva śitān sāyakān saṃdadhe.

21. Seeing that Ravana, intent and exerting himself in battle, Rama (Kākutsthaḥ), as if smiling, fitted sharp arrows (to his bow).

Words meanings summery:

• व्यायच्छमानम् (vyāyacchamānam) - striving, exerting oneself, struggling

• तम् (tam) - him, that

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• तत्परम् (tatparam) - intent on that, devoted to that, focused on that

• रावणम् (rāvaṇam) - Ravana

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle, in war

• प्रहसन् (prahasan) - laughing, smiling

• इव (iva) - as if, like, in the manner of

• काकुत्स्थः (kākutsthaḥ) - Rama (descendant of Kakutstha)

• संदधे (saṁdadhe) - fitted, placed, aimed, fixed (an arrow)

• सायकान् (sāyakān) - arrows, missile

• शितान् (śitān) - sharpened, keen, sharp

Words meanings and morphology

व्यायच्छमानम् (vyāyacchamānam) - striving, exerting oneself, struggling

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vyāyacchamāna

vyāyacchamāna - striving, exerting oneself, struggling

Present Active Participle

From verb root √yam (to restrain, control) with prefixes vi-ā- (vi-ā-√yam), meaning 'to strive, exert'. Present participle form (śānac suffix).

Prefixes: vi+ā

Root: √yam (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'rāvaṇam'.

तम् (tam) - him, that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, her, it

Note: Refers to Ravana.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed with suffix -tvā from root √dṛś.

Root: √dṛś (class 1)

तत्परम् (tatparam) - intent on that, devoted to that, focused on that

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tatpara

tatpara - intent on that, devoted to that, focused on that

Compound type : tatpurusha (tad+para)

• tad – that
  pronoun
• para – intent on, devoted to, superior
  adjective

Note: Modifies 'rāvaṇam'.

रावणम् (rāvaṇam) - Ravana

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rāvaṇa

rāvaṇa - Ravana (proper name of the Rakshasa king)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

रणे (raṇe) - in battle, in war

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, combat

प्रहसन् (prahasan) - laughing, smiling

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prahasant

prahasant - laughing, smiling

Present Active Participle

From verb root √has (to laugh) with prefix pra-. Present participle form (śatṛ suffix).

Prefix: pra

Root: √has (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'kākutsthaḥ'.

इव (iva) - as if, like, in the manner of

(indeclinable)

particle

काकुत्स्थः (kākutsthaḥ) - Rama (descendant of Kakutstha)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kākutstha

kākutstha - descendant of Kakutstha, Rama

Note: Subject of the sentence.

संदधे (saṁdadhe) - fitted, placed, aimed, fixed (an arrow)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (liṭ) of √dhā

Perfect Middle, 3rd person singular

Root √dhā (to put, place) with prefix sam-. Reduplicated perfect tense (liṭ) with Atmanepada (middle) endings.

Prefix: sam

Root: √dhā (class 3)

Note: The verb for fitting arrows.

सायकान् (sāyakān) - arrows, missile

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of sāyaka

sāyaka - arrow, missile

From √si (to bind) or √sā (to sharpen) with suffix -aka.

Root: √si (class 4)

Note: Object of 'saṃdadhe'.

शितान् (śitān) - sharpened, keen, sharp

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of śita

śita - sharpened, keen, sharp

Past Passive Participle

From root √śo (to sharpen) with suffix -kta (Ppp).

Root: √śo (class 4)

Note: Qualifies 'sāyakān'.