वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-83, verse-18

ताः स्म गत्वा परं तीरमवरोप्य च तं जनम् ।
निवृत्ताः काण्डचित्राणि क्रियन्ते दाशबन्धुभिः ॥१८॥

18. tāḥ sma gatvā paraṃ tīramavaropya ca taṃ janam ,
nivṛttāḥ kāṇḍacitrāṇi kriyante dāśabandhubhiḥ.

18. tāḥ sma gatvā param tīram avaropya ca tam janam
nivṛttāḥ kāṇḍacitrāṇi kriyante dāśabandhubhiḥ

18. tāḥ sma gatvā param tīram ca tam janam avaropya
nivṛttāḥ dāśabandhubhiḥ kāṇḍacitrāṇi kriyante

18. Those (conveyances), having gone to the other shore and disembarked those people, then returned. Afterwards, various arrow-markings (or possibly 'target practice') were performed by the kinsmen of the boatmen.

Words meanings summery:

• ताः (tāḥ) - those conveyances/boats (those (feminine plural))

• स्म (sma) - an indicator of past tense

• गत्वा (gatvā) - having gone to the other shore (having gone)

• परम् (param) - the other (shore) (other, furthest, excellent, supreme)

• तीरम् (tīram) - the river bank (bank, shore, edge)

• अवरोप्य (avaropya) - having disembarked the people (having caused to descend, having disembarked, having landed)

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• तम् (tam) - that multitude of people (that (masculine singular accusative))

• जनम् (janam) - the multitude of people (people, multitude, race, man)

• निवृत्ताः (nivṛttāḥ) - those (conveyances) having returned (returned, come back, ceased)

• काण्डचित्राणि (kāṇḍacitrāṇi) - target practice markings or designs made with arrows (decorated with arrows, various arrow-markings, arrow-pictures)

• क्रियन्ते (kriyante) - they were performed (due to 'sma' and context) (they are made, they are done, they are performed)

• दाशबन्धुभिः (dāśabandhubhiḥ) - by the kinsmen of fishermen/boatmen

Words meanings and morphology

ताः (tāḥ) - those conveyances/boats (those (feminine plural))

(pronoun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to the feminine plural conveyances/boats mentioned in the previous verse.

स्म (sma) - an indicator of past tense

(indeclinable)

Note: Here modifies the past participial forms 'gatvā' and 'nivṛttāḥ'.

गत्वा (gatvā) - having gone to the other shore (having gone)

(indeclinable)

absolutive/gerund

Derived from root gam (to go) with suffix -tvā

Root: gam (class 1)

परम् (param) - the other (shore) (other, furthest, excellent, supreme)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of para

para - other, distant, supreme, chief

Note: Agrees with 'tīram'.

तीरम् (tīram) - the river bank (bank, shore, edge)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tīra

tīra - bank, shore, edge, vicinity

अवरोप्य (avaropya) - having disembarked the people (having caused to descend, having disembarked, having landed)

(indeclinable)

absolutive/gerund

Derived from root ruh (to ascend) with upasargas ava- and rop- (causative of ruh) and suffix -ya

Prefix: ava

Root: ruh (class 1)

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

तम् (tam) - that multitude of people (that (masculine singular accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Agrees with 'janam'.

जनम् (janam) - the multitude of people (people, multitude, race, man)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of jana

jana - man, person, people, race, creature

निवृत्ताः (nivṛttāḥ) - those (conveyances) having returned (returned, come back, ceased)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of nivṛtta

nivṛtta - turned back, returned, ceased, retired

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root vṛt (to turn) with upasarga ni-

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'tāḥ' (the conveyances).

काण्डचित्राणि (kāṇḍacitrāṇi) - target practice markings or designs made with arrows (decorated with arrows, various arrow-markings, arrow-pictures)

(noun)

neuter, plural of kāṇḍacitra

kāṇḍacitra - variously marked with arrows, arrow designs, targets

Compound type : tatpuruṣa/bahuvrīhi (kāṇḍa+citra)

• kāṇḍa – arrow, section, stem, chapter
  noun (neuter)
• citra – bright, clear, variegated, wonderful, picture, painting, mark
  noun (neuter)

Note: In this context, often interpreted as target practice or markings made by arrows.

क्रियन्ते (kriyante) - they were performed (due to 'sma' and context) (they are made, they are done, they are performed)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, passive, present indicative (lat) of kṛ

Present passive indicative, 3rd person plural

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: The present tense 'kriyante' is understood in the past tense due to the narrative context and the particle 'sma' from earlier in the sentence, implying 'were being done' or 'were performed'.

दाशबन्धुभिः (dāśabandhubhiḥ) - by the kinsmen of fishermen/boatmen

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dāśabandhu

dāśabandhu - kinsman of a fisherman/boatman

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dāśa+bandhu)

• dāśa – fisherman, boatman, a certain tribe or caste
  noun (masculine)
• bandhu – kinsman, relative, friend
  noun (masculine)

Previous Verse Next Verse