वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-2, verse-21

स प्रविश्याश्रमपदं शिष्येण सह धर्मवित् ।
उपविष्टः कथाश्चान्याश्चकार ध्यानमास्थितः ॥२१॥

21. sa praviśyāśramapadaṃ śiṣyeṇa saha dharmavit ,
upaviṣṭaḥ kathāścānyāścakāra dhyānamāsthitaḥ.

21. saḥ praviśya āśramapadam śiṣyeṇa saha dharmavit |
upaviṣṭaḥ kathāḥ ca anyāḥ cakāra dhyānam āsthitaḥ

21. dharmavit saḥ śiṣyeṇa saha āśramapadam praviśya
upaviṣṭaḥ āsthitaḥ dhyānam ca anyāḥ kathāḥ cakāra

21. That knower of natural law (dharma), having entered the hermitage along with his disciple, sat down and, having settled into meditation (dhyāna), engaged in other discussions.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he (the sage) (he, that)

• प्रविश्य (praviśya) - having entered (having entered, having gone into)

• आश्रमपदम् (āśramapadam) - the hermitage (hermitage, dwelling of an ascetic)

• शिष्येण (śiṣyeṇa) - with the disciple (by the disciple, with the disciple)

• सह (saha) - with (with, together with)

• धर्मवित् (dharmavit) - knower of natural law (dharma) (knower of dharma, expert in law/righteousness)

• उपविष्टः (upaviṣṭaḥ) - sat down (seated, sat down)

• कथाः (kathāḥ) - discussions (stories, conversations, discussions)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• अन्याः (anyāḥ) - other (other, different)

• चकार (cakāra) - engaged in (did, made, performed, engaged in)

• ध्यानम् (dhyānam) - meditation (dhyāna) (meditation, contemplation)

• आस्थितः (āsthitaḥ) - having settled into (abiding in, settled in, having resorted to)

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he (the sage) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

प्रविश्य (praviśya) - having entered (having entered, having gone into)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund) with prefix

Derived from root 'viś' (to enter) with prefix 'pra'

Prefix: pra

Root: viś (class 6)

आश्रमपदम् (āśramapadam) - the hermitage (hermitage, dwelling of an ascetic)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of āśramapada

āśramapada - hermitage, dwelling of an ascetic

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (āśrama+pada)

• āśrama – hermitage, (āśrama), stage of life
  noun (masculine)
• pada – place, foot, step
  noun (neuter)

Note: Object of 'praviśya'.

शिष्येण (śiṣyeṇa) - with the disciple (by the disciple, with the disciple)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śiṣya

śiṣya - disciple, student, pupil

Note: Used with 'saha'.

सह (saha) - with (with, together with)

(indeclinable)

Note: Governs the instrumental case.

धर्मवित् (dharmavit) - knower of natural law (dharma) (knower of dharma, expert in law/righteousness)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmavit

dharmavit - knower of natural law (dharma), expert in righteousness

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (dharma+vid)

• dharma – natural law, intrinsic nature, constitution, righteousness, duty
  noun (masculine)
• vid – knower, expert, wise
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root 'vid' (to know)
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'saḥ' (the sage).

उपविष्टः (upaviṣṭaḥ) - sat down (seated, sat down)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upaviṣṭa

upaviṣṭa - seated, sat down

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'viś' (to enter) with prefix 'upa'

Prefix: upa

Root: viś (class 6)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'saḥ'.

कथाः (kathāḥ) - discussions (stories, conversations, discussions)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of kathā

kathā - story, conversation, discussion

Note: Object of 'cakāra'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'kathāḥ' and 'anyāḥ'.

अन्याः (anyāḥ) - other (other, different)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, plural of anya

anya - other, different

Note: Modifies 'kathāḥ'.

चकार (cakāra) - engaged in (did, made, performed, engaged in)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of cakāra

Perfect

Derived from root 'kṛ' (to do, make)

Root: kṛ (class 8)

ध्यानम् (dhyānam) - meditation (dhyāna) (meditation, contemplation)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of dhyāna

dhyāna - meditation, contemplation, (dhyāna)

Note: Object of 'āsthitaḥ' (in the sense of assuming a state).

आस्थितः (āsthitaḥ) - having settled into (abiding in, settled in, having resorted to)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āsthita

āsthita - abiding in, settled in, having resorted to

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'sthā' (to stand) with prefix 'ā'

Prefix: ā

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'saḥ'.

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