वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-2, verse-23

वाल्मीकिरथ तं दृष्ट्वा सहसोत्थाय वाग् यतः ।
प्राञ्जलिः प्रयतो भूत्वा तस्थौ परमविस्मितः ॥२३॥

23. vālmīkiratha taṃ dṛṣṭvā sahasotthāya vāg yataḥ ,
prāñjaliḥ prayato bhūtvā tasthau paramavismitaḥ.

23. vālmīkiḥ atha tam dṛṣṭvā sahasā utthāya vāk yataḥ
prāñjaliḥ prayataḥ bhūtvā tasthau paramavismitaḥ

23. atha tam dṛṣṭvā sahasā utthāya vāk yataḥ prāñjaliḥ
prayataḥ paramavismitaḥ bhūtvā vālmīkiḥ tasthau

23. Then, Vālmīki, upon seeing him, immediately rose, his speech restrained. Standing with folded hands and composed, he became exceedingly astonished.

Words meanings summery:

• वाल्मीकिः (vālmīkiḥ) - the sage Vālmīki (Vālmīki (name of the sage))

• अथ (atha) - then (then, now, moreover)

• तम् (tam) - him (Brahmā) (him, that)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - upon seeing (having seen)

• सहसा (sahasā) - immediately (suddenly, quickly, forcibly)

• उत्थाय (utthāya) - having risen (having risen, having stood up)

• वाक् (vāk) - speech (speech, voice, word)

• यतः (yataḥ) - restrained (controlled, restrained, self-controlled)

• प्राञ्जलिः (prāñjaliḥ) - with folded hands (with folded hands (in reverence))

• प्रयतः (prayataḥ) - composed (composed, attentive, pure, restrained)

• भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become (having been, having become)

• तस्थौ (tasthau) - he stood

• परमविस्मितः (paramavismitaḥ) - exceedingly astonished (greatly astonished, exceedingly amazed)

Words meanings and morphology

वाल्मीकिः (vālmīkiḥ) - the sage Vālmīki (Vālmīki (name of the sage))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vālmīki

vālmīki - Vālmīki (name of a famous sage, author of the Rāmāyaṇa)

Note: Subject of the verbs.

अथ (atha) - then (then, now, moreover)

(indeclinable)

तम् (tam) - him (Brahmā) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Masculine accusative singular of tad.

Note: Object of the gerund dṛṣṭvā.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - upon seeing (having seen)

(indeclinable)

absolutive / gerund (ktvā)

Absolutive (ktvā) form of the root dṛś.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Indicates an action completed before the main verb.

सहसा (sahasā) - immediately (suddenly, quickly, forcibly)

(indeclinable)

Instrumental singular of sahas (strength, force) used as an adverb.

Note: Modifies utthāya.

उत्थाय (utthāya) - having risen (having risen, having stood up)

(indeclinable)

absolutive / gerund (lyap)

Absolutive (lyap) form of root sthā with prefix ut.

Prefix: ut

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Indicates an action completed before the main verb.

वाक् (vāk) - speech (speech, voice, word)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - speech, voice, word

Feminine noun ending in c.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Subject of implied 'was' or 'became'.

यतः (yataḥ) - restrained (controlled, restrained, self-controlled)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yata

yata - controlled, restrained, self-controlled, striving

Past Passive Participle

Past Passive Participle from root yam (to restrain, control).

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Modifies vālmīkiḥ in a compound-like sense.

प्राञ्जलिः (prāñjaliḥ) - with folded hands (with folded hands (in reverence))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prāñjali

prāñjali - with folded hands, respectful salutation

From pra + añjali (hollow of the hands, gesture of reverence).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (pra+añjali)

• pra – forward, before, very
  prefix
• añjali – hollow of the hands, gesture of reverence
  noun (masculine)
  Root: añj (class 7)

Note: Modifies Vālmīki.

प्रयतः (prayataḥ) - composed (composed, attentive, pure, restrained)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prayata

prayata - composed, attentive, pure, restrained, striving

Past Passive Participle

Past Passive Participle from pra-yam (to restrain, control).

Prefix: pra

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Modifies Vālmīki.

भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become (having been, having become)

(indeclinable)

absolutive / gerund (ktvā)

Absolutive (ktvā) form of the root bhū.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Connects paramavismitaḥ to the main verb tasthau.

तस्थौ (tasthau) - he stood

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of sthā

perfect tense, active voice, 3rd person singular

Perfect (liṭ), parasmaipada, 3rd person singular, root sthā.

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

परमविस्मितः (paramavismitaḥ) - exceedingly astonished (greatly astonished, exceedingly amazed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of paramavismita

paramavismita - greatly astonished, exceedingly amazed

Formed from parama (supreme, extreme) and vismita (astonished).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (parama+vismita)

• parama – highest, supreme, excellent, extreme
  adjective
• vismita – astonished, amazed, surprised
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past Passive Participle from vi-smi (to be astonished).
  Prefix: vi
  Root: smi (class 1)

Note: Modifies Vālmīki.

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