महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-39, verse-10

अर्जुनः फल्गुनो जिष्णुः कृष्णो बीभत्सुरेव च ।
धनंजयश्च केनासि प्रब्रूहि मम तत्त्वतः ।
श्रुता मे तस्य वीरस्य केवला नामहेतवः ॥१०॥

10. arjunaḥ phalguno jiṣṇuḥ kṛṣṇo bībhatsureva ca ,
dhanaṁjayaśca kenāsi prabrūhi mama tattvataḥ ,
śrutā me tasya vīrasya kevalā nāmahetavaḥ.

10. arjunaḥ phalgunaḥ jiṣṇuḥ kṛṣṇaḥ
bībhatsuḥ eva ca | dhanaṃjayaḥ ca kena
asi prabrūhi mama tattvataḥ | śrutā
me tasya vīrasya kevalā nāmahetavaḥ

10. You are Arjuna, Phalguna, Jiṣṇu, Kṛṣṇa, and Bibhatsu, as well as Dhanañjaya. By what reasons are you called these? Please explain fully to me, for I have only heard the mere causes of that hero's names.

Words meanings summery:

• अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - Arjuna (a proper name)

• फल्गुनः (phalgunaḥ) - Phalguna (a proper name)

• जिष्णुः (jiṣṇuḥ) - a proper name (Jiṣṇu) for Arjuna, meaning 'victorious' (victorious, triumphant)

• कृष्णः (kṛṣṇaḥ) - a proper name (Kṛṣṇa) for Arjuna, possibly due to his complexion or connection with Krishna Vāsudeva (dark, black)

• बीभत्सुः (bībhatsuḥ) - a proper name (Bibhatsu) for Arjuna, meaning 'one who abhors (war, or despicable acts in war)' (one who abhors/detests)

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, just, exactly

• च (ca) - and

• धनंजयः (dhanaṁjayaḥ) - a proper name (Dhanañjaya) for Arjuna (conqueror of wealth)

• च (ca) - and

• केन (kena) - by what, by which, why

• असि (asi) - are (you)

• प्रब्रूहि (prabrūhi) - tell, explain, speak forth

• मम (mama) - to me, my

• तत्त्वतः (tattvataḥ) - truly, in essence, accurately, in reality

• श्रुता (śrutā) - heard

• मे (me) - by me, to me, my

• तस्य (tasya) - of that hero (Arjuna) (of that, his)

• वीरस्य (vīrasya) - of Arjuna, the hero (of the hero, of the brave one)

• केवला (kevalā) - only the reasons, nothing else (mere, only, sole)

• नामहेतवः (nāmahetavaḥ) - reasons for the names

Words meanings and morphology

अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - Arjuna (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of arjuna

arjuna - Arjuna (a proper name); white, clear, silver

फल्गुनः (phalgunaḥ) - Phalguna (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of phalguna

phalguna - Phalguna (a proper name for Arjuna); born under the constellation Phalgunī

जिष्णुः (jiṣṇuḥ) - a proper name (Jiṣṇu) for Arjuna, meaning 'victorious' (victorious, triumphant)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jiṣṇu

jiṣṇu - victorious, triumphant

from root ji (to conquer)

Root: ji (class 1)

कृष्णः (kṛṣṇaḥ) - a proper name (Kṛṣṇa) for Arjuna, possibly due to his complexion or connection with Krishna Vāsudeva (dark, black)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛṣṇa

kṛṣṇa - dark, black; Krishna (the deity)

बीभत्सुः (bībhatsuḥ) - a proper name (Bibhatsu) for Arjuna, meaning 'one who abhors (war, or despicable acts in war)' (one who abhors/detests)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bībhatsu

bībhatsu - disgusted, abhorrent, causing disgust

Desiderative derivative

desiderative form of root 'badh' or 'bhid'

एव (eva) - indeed, only, just, exactly

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

धनंजयः (dhanaṁjayaḥ) - a proper name (Dhanañjaya) for Arjuna (conqueror of wealth)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhanaṃjaya

dhanaṁjaya - conqueror of wealth

compound: dhana (wealth) + jaya (victory/conquest)

Compound type : tatpurusha (dhana+jaya)

• dhana – wealth, riches, property
  noun (neuter)
• jaya – victory, conquest, triumph
  noun (masculine)
  from root ji (to conquer)
  Root: ji (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

केन (kena) - by what, by which, why

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine/neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, which, why

असि (asi) - are (you)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (lat) of as

Present Active

root 'as', present tense, 2nd person singular

Root: as (class 2)

प्रब्रूहि (prabrūhi) - tell, explain, speak forth

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of brū

Imperative Active

root 'brū' with prefix 'pra', imperative mood, 2nd person singular

Prefix: pra

Root: brū (class 2)

मम (mama) - to me, my

(pronoun)

singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

तत्त्वतः (tattvataḥ) - truly, in essence, accurately, in reality

(indeclinable)

suffix -tas from tattva (truth, reality)

श्रुता (śrutā) - heard

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of śruta

śruta - heard, listened

Past Passive Participle

from root 'śru' (to hear)

Root: śru (class 5)

मे (me) - by me, to me, my

(pronoun)

singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

Note: Often used in place of instrumental 'mayā' in passive constructions.

तस्य (tasya) - of that hero (Arjuna) (of that, his)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

वीरस्य (vīrasya) - of Arjuna, the hero (of the hero, of the brave one)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of vīra

vīra - hero, warrior, brave, powerful

केवला (kevalā) - only the reasons, nothing else (mere, only, sole)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of kevala

kevala - mere, only, sole, exclusive, pure

Note: Agrees with 'nāmahetavaḥ' in gender and number, but nāmahetavaḥ is masculine.

नामहेतवः (nāmahetavaḥ) - reasons for the names

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nāmahetu

nāmahetu - cause/reason for a name

compound: nāma (name) + hetu (reason)

Compound type : tatpurusha (nāma+hetu)

• nāma – name
  noun (neuter)
• hetu – reason, cause, motive
  noun (masculine)