महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-31, verse-20

ततो रथाभ्यां रथिनौ व्यतियाय समन्ततः ।
शरान्व्यसृजतां शीघ्रं तोयधारा घनाविव ॥२०॥

20. tato rathābhyāṁ rathinau vyatiyāya samantataḥ ,
śarānvyasṛjatāṁ śīghraṁ toyadhārā ghanāviva.

20. tataḥ rathābhyām rathinau vyati-iyāya samantataḥ
śarān vyasṛjatām śīghram toyadhārāḥ ghanau iva

20. Then, those two charioteers passed by each other in their chariots, moving all around. They quickly discharged arrows, just as clouds release torrents of water.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, from there, afterwards)

• रथाभ्याम् (rathābhyām) - in their chariots (with two chariots, by two chariots)

• रथिनौ (rathinau) - those two charioteers (two charioteers, two warriors in chariots)

• व्यतियाय (vyatiyāya) - they passed by each other (they passed by, they went against each other)

• समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - all around (from all sides, all around, everywhere)

• शरान् (śarān) - arrows

• व्यसृजताम् (vyasṛjatām) - they discharged (they discharged, they released)

• शीघ्रम् (śīghram) - quickly (quickly, swiftly, rapidly)

• तोयधाराः (toyadhārāḥ) - torrents of water (streams of water, torrents of rain)

• घनौ (ghanau) - two clouds (two clouds, two dense objects)

• इव (iva) - just as (like, as, as if)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then (then, from there, afterwards)

(indeclinable)

Formed from `tad` + `tas` suffix.

रथाभ्याम् (rathābhyām) - in their chariots (with two chariots, by two chariots)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, dual of ratha

ratha - chariot, car

Note: Instrumental dual indicating means or location.

रथिनौ (rathinau) - those two charioteers (two charioteers, two warriors in chariots)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of rathin

rathin - charioteer, mounted on a chariot, warrior in a chariot

Derived from `ratha` (chariot) with `in` suffix.

Note: Refers to the two warriors fighting.

व्यतियाय (vyatiyāya) - they passed by each other (they passed by, they went against each other)

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, past perfect (lit) of vyati-i

Perfect tense

From √i (to go, class 2) with prefixes `vi` and `ati`. 3rd Dual Perfect Active.

Prefixes: vi+ati

Root: i (class 2)

समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - all around (from all sides, all around, everywhere)

(indeclinable)

Formed from `samanta` (all-sided) + `tas` suffix.

Note: Modifies the action of passing by.

शरान् (śarān) - arrows

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow, dart

Note: Object of 'vyasṛjatām'.

व्यसृजताम् (vyasṛjatām) - they discharged (they discharged, they released)

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of visṛj

Imperfect tense

From √sṛj (to create, send, class 6) with `vi` prefix. 3rd Dual Imperfect Active.

Prefix: vi

Root: sṛj (class 6)

शीघ्रम् (śīghram) - quickly (quickly, swiftly, rapidly)

(indeclinable)

Accusative singular neuter of `śīghra` used adverbially.

तोयधाराः (toyadhārāḥ) - torrents of water (streams of water, torrents of rain)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of toyadhārā

toyadhārā - stream of water, torrent of rain, shower

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (toya+dhārā)

• toya – water
  noun (neuter)
• dhārā – stream, current, flow, cascade
  noun (feminine)

Note: Subject of the implied action in the simile.

घनौ (ghanau) - two clouds (two clouds, two dense objects)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of ghana

ghana - cloud, dense body, hammer

Note: Refers to two clouds, acting as the agents in the simile.

इव (iva) - just as (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)