महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-31, verse-14

उपशाम्यद्रजो भौमं रुधिरेण प्रसर्पता ।
कश्मलं प्राविशद्घोरं निर्मर्यादमवर्तत ॥१४॥

14. upaśāmyadrajo bhaumaṁ rudhireṇa prasarpatā ,
kaśmalaṁ prāviśadghoraṁ nirmaryādamavartata.

14. upaśāmyat rajaḥ bhaumam rudhireṇa prasarpatā
kaśmalam prāviśat ghoram nirmaryādam avartata

14. As the earthly dust settled, subdued by the spreading blood, a terrible confusion (kaśmala) enveloped everything, and lawlessness prevailed.

Words meanings summery:

• उपशाम्यत् (upaśāmyat) - subsiding (subsiding, settling down, calming)

• रजः (rajaḥ) - dust (dust, impurity, passion, menses, pollen)

• भौमम् (bhaumam) - earthly (earthly, terrestrial, relating to the earth, son of the earth)

• रुधिरेण (rudhireṇa) - by blood

• प्रसर्पता (prasarpatā) - by spreading (blood) (by spreading, by flowing)

• कश्मलम् (kaśmalam) - a state of confusion, chaos (confusion, unconsciousness, defilement, great distress, foulness)

• प्राविशत् (prāviśat) - prevailed (referring to confusion) (entered, came into, took hold of, prevailed)

• घोरम् (ghoram) - terrible, dreadful (terrible, dreadful, awful, fierce)

• निर्मर्यादम् (nirmaryādam) - lawless, without limits (unrestrained, lawless, without limits, disorderly)

• अवर्तत (avartata) - prevailed, became (occurred, took place, happened, became)

Words meanings and morphology

उपशाम्यत् (upaśāmyat) - subsiding (subsiding, settling down, calming)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of upaśāmyat

upaśāmyat - subsiding, calming down

Present Active Participle

Derived from root śam with prefix upa-. Formed with -at suffix.

Prefix: upa

Root: śam (class 4)

Note: Refers to rajaḥ.

रजः (rajaḥ) - dust (dust, impurity, passion, menses, pollen)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, impurity, passion, menses

Root: raj

भौमम् (bhaumam) - earthly (earthly, terrestrial, relating to the earth, son of the earth)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of bhauma

bhauma - earthly, terrestrial, son of the earth (Mars)

Derived from bhūmi (earth).

Note: Agrees with rajaḥ.

रुधिरेण (rudhireṇa) - by blood

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rudhira

rudhira - blood

Root: rudh

Note: Indicates the means by which the dust is subdued.

प्रसर्पता (prasarpatā) - by spreading (blood) (by spreading, by flowing)

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of prasarpat

prasarpat - spreading, flowing forth

Present Active Participle

Derived from root sṛp with prefix pra-. Formed with -at suffix.

Prefix: pra

Root: sṛp (class 1)

Note: Agrees with rudhireṇa.

कश्मलम् (kaśmalam) - a state of confusion, chaos (confusion, unconsciousness, defilement, great distress, foulness)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kaśmala

kaśmala - confusion, unconsciousness, great distress, foulness

Note: Subject of prāviśat implicitly.

प्राविशत् (prāviśat) - prevailed (referring to confusion) (entered, came into, took hold of, prevailed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of pra-viś

Imperfect Past Tense (Laṅ)

Derived from root viś with prefix pra-. Third person singular, active voice.

Prefix: pra

Root: viś (class 6)

Note: The a augment of the imperfect is dropped when preceded by an upasarga ending in a.

घोरम् (ghoram) - terrible, dreadful (terrible, dreadful, awful, fierce)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ghora

ghora - terrible, dreadful, awful, fierce

Note: Agrees with kaśmalam.

निर्मर्यादम् (nirmaryādam) - lawless, without limits (unrestrained, lawless, without limits, disorderly)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of nirmaryāda

nirmaryāda - unrestrained, lawless, without limits

Compound, negative prefix nir + maryāda.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (nis+maryāda)

• nis – without, out, free from
  indeclinable
• maryāda – limit, boundary, rule, propriety, law, custom
  noun (feminine)

Note: Predicative adjective for the implied 'it' or 'the situation'.

अवर्तत (avartata) - prevailed, became (occurred, took place, happened, became)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of vṛt

Imperfect Past Tense (Laṅ)

Root vṛt, ātmanepada, third person singular.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Used impersonally, 'it happened'.