महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-271, verse-1

मार्कण्डेय उवाच ।
ततो विनिर्याय पुरात्कुम्भकर्णः सहानुगः ।
अपश्यत्कपिसैन्यं तज्जितकाश्यग्रतः स्थितम् ॥१॥

1. mārkaṇḍeya uvāca ,
tato viniryāya purātkumbhakarṇaḥ sahānugaḥ ,
apaśyatkapisainyaṁ tajjitakāśyagrataḥ sthitam.

1. mārkaṇḍeyaḥ uvāca tataḥ viniryāya purāt kumbhakarṇaḥ
saha-anugaḥ apaśyat kapi-sainyaṃ tat jita-kāśya-agrataḥ sthitam

1. Mārkaṇḍeya said: Then, having departed from the city, Kumbhakarṇa, accompanied by his followers, saw that monkey army standing with Jitakāśya at its front.

Words meanings summery:

• मार्कण्डेयः (mārkaṇḍeyaḥ) - The sage Mārkaṇḍeya, narrator of this section. (Mārkaṇḍeya)

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, from there

• विनिर्याय (viniryāya) - having gone out, having departed

• पुरात् (purāt) - from the city

• कुम्भकर्णः (kumbhakarṇaḥ) - Kumbhakarṇa

• सह-अनुगः (saha-anugaḥ) - with followers, accompanied by attendants

• अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - he saw

• कपि-सैन्यं (kapi-sainyaṁ) - monkey army

• तत् (tat) - Qualifies kapi-sainyam. (that)

• जित-काश्य-अग्रतः (jita-kāśya-agrataḥ) - The monkey army had a leader named Jitakāśya, or Jitakāśya was leading it. (with Jitakāśya at the front, having Kāśya conquered in front)

• स्थितम् (sthitam) - standing, situated

Words meanings and morphology

मार्कण्डेयः (mārkaṇḍeyaḥ) - The sage Mārkaṇḍeya, narrator of this section. (Mārkaṇḍeya)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mārkaṇḍeya

mārkaṇḍeya - Mārkaṇḍeya (a celebrated ancient sage)

Descendant of Mṛkaṇḍu.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense

Root vac (perfect active 3rd singular).

Root: vac (class 2)

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, from there

(indeclinable)

Derived from tad + tas (suffix for ablative/adverbial).

विनिर्याय (viniryāya) - having gone out, having departed

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

vi + nis + yā (root) + lyap (absolutive suffix for prefixed verbs)

Prefixes: vi+nis

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Compound absolutive.

पुरात् (purāt) - from the city

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of pura

pura - city, town, fortress

Root: pṛ (class 1)

Note: Source of departure.

कुम्भकर्णः (kumbhakarṇaḥ) - Kumbhakarṇa

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kumbhakarṇa

kumbhakarṇa - Kumbhakarṇa (proper name)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kumbha+karṇa)

• kumbha – pot, pitcher
  noun (masculine)
• karṇa – ear
  noun (masculine)
  Root: kṛ (class 6)

Note: Subject of apaśyat.

सह-अनुगः (saha-anugaḥ) - with followers, accompanied by attendants

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sahānuga

sahānuga - accompanied by followers/attendants

saha (with) + anuga (follower)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (saha+anuga)

• saha – with, together with
  indeclinable
• anuga – follower, attendant, going after
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  anu + gam (root) + ḍa
  Prefix: anu
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Adjective for Kumbhakarṇa.

अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - he saw

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of paś

Imperfect Tense

a (augment) + paś (weak stem of dṛś) + at (imperfect ending for 3rd singular)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

कपि-सैन्यं (kapi-sainyaṁ) - monkey army

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kapisainya

kapisainya - army of monkeys

kapi (monkey) + sainya (army)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kapi+sainya)

• kapi – monkey
  noun (masculine)
  Root: kamp (class 1)
• sainya – army, host, military
  noun (neuter)
  From senā (army) + ya (suffix).

Note: Direct object of apaśyat.

तत् (tat) - Qualifies kapi-sainyam. (that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it

Note: Refers to kapisainyaṃ.

जित-काश्य-अग्रतः (jita-kāśya-agrataḥ) - The monkey army had a leader named Jitakāśya, or Jitakāśya was leading it. (with Jitakāśya at the front, having Kāśya conquered in front)

(indeclinable)

jita-kāśya (proper name or epithet) + agrataḥ (in front)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (jita-kāśya+agratas)

• jitakāśya – a proper name (of a monkey), or 'conquered Kāśya'
  proper noun (masculine)
• agratas – in front, before, ahead
  indeclinable
  agra (front) + tas (suffix for ablative/adverbial)

Note: Functions adverbially or adjectivally to describe the position of the army.

स्थितम् (sthitam) - standing, situated

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sthita

sthita - standing, situated, placed, present

Past Passive Participle

sthā (root) + kta (ppple suffix)

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Participle modifying kapi-sainyam.