महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-147, verse-9

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
प्रत्यक्षं लोकतः सिद्धं लोकाश्चागमपूर्वकाः ।
शिष्टाचारो बहुविधो ब्रूहि तन्मे पितामह ॥९॥

9. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
pratyakṣaṁ lokataḥ siddhaṁ lokāścāgamapūrvakāḥ ,
śiṣṭācāro bahuvidho brūhi tanme pitāmaha.

9. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca pratyakṣam lokataḥ siddham lokāḥ ca
āgamapūrvakāḥ śiṣṭācāraḥ bahuvidhaḥ brūhi tat me pitāmaha

9. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca: "pitāmaha! pratyakṣam lokataḥ siddham.
lokāḥ ca āgamapūrvakāḥ (santi).
bahuvidhaḥ śiṣṭācāraḥ (api asti).
tat me brūhi.
"

9. Yudhiṣṭhira said: 'What is directly perceived is established by people, and people themselves are guided by sacred tradition (āgama). Moreover, there are many kinds of virtuous conduct (śiṣṭācāra). O Grandfather, please explain that to me.'

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira (Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• प्रत्यक्षम् (pratyakṣam) - what is directly perceived (perceptible, visible, direct perception)

• लोकतः (lokataḥ) - by people (from the world, by the people, according to common usage)

• सिद्धम् (siddham) - established (established, proven, accomplished)

• लोकाः (lokāḥ) - people (worlds, people)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• आगमपूर्वकाः (āgamapūrvakāḥ) - guided by sacred tradition (āgama) (preceded by tradition/scripture)

• शिष्टाचारः (śiṣṭācāraḥ) - virtuous conduct (śiṣṭācāra) (good conduct, custom of the cultured/learned)

• बहुविधः (bahuvidhaḥ) - of many kinds (of many kinds, manifold, various)

• ब्रूहि (brūhi) - please explain (tell, say, speak)

• तत् (tat) - that (referring to the topic of discussion) (that, it)

• मे (me) - to me (to me, for me, my)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather (addressing Bhīṣma) (O grandfather)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira (Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle, name of the eldest Pāṇḍava brother

Compound of yudhi (in battle) + sthira (firm)

Compound type : aluk-saptamī-tatpuruṣa (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle
  noun (feminine)
  Locative singular of yudh (battle)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective (masculine)
  from root sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense (lit), 3rd person singular, active voice

root vac (2nd class); perfect tense formation

Root: vac (class 2)

प्रत्यक्षम् (pratyakṣam) - what is directly perceived (perceptible, visible, direct perception)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pratyakṣa

pratyakṣa - perceptible, before the eyes, direct perception

Compound of prati (towards) + akṣa (eye)

Compound type : avyayībhāva (prati+akṣa)

• prati – towards, against, in front of
  indeclinable
  prefix/preposition
• akṣa – eye, sense organ
  noun (neuter)

Note: Subject of implied 'is'.

लोकतः (lokataḥ) - by people (from the world, by the people, according to common usage)

(indeclinable)

from loka + tas (ablative suffix)

Note: Functions as an instrumental.

सिद्धम् (siddham) - established (established, proven, accomplished)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of siddha

siddha - accomplished, perfected, proven, established

Past Passive Participle

from root sidh (to succeed, accomplish) + kta

Root: sidh (class 4)

Note: Predicative adjective for pratyakṣam.

लोकाः (lokāḥ) - people (worlds, people)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of loka

loka - world, people, realm

from root lok (to see)

Root: lok (class 1)

Note: Subject of implied 'are'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

आगमपूर्वकाः (āgamapūrvakāḥ) - guided by sacred tradition (āgama) (preceded by tradition/scripture)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of āgamapūrvaka

āgamapūrvaka - preceded by scripture/tradition, based on sacred texts

Compound of āgama (tradition/scripture) and pūrvaka (preceded by, based on)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (āgama+pūrvaka)

• āgama – tradition, scripture, sacred text, coming, arrival
  noun (masculine)
  from prefix ā- + root gam (to go)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: gam (class 1)
• pūrvaka – preceded by, based on, doing first
  adjective/noun (masculine)
  from pūrva (former, prior) + ka

Note: Agrees with lokāḥ.

शिष्टाचारः (śiṣṭācāraḥ) - virtuous conduct (śiṣṭācāra) (good conduct, custom of the cultured/learned)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śiṣṭācāra

śiṣṭācāra - custom or practice of the learned/cultured, good conduct, virtuous behavior

Compound of śiṣṭa (learned, disciplined) and ācāra (conduct, custom)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śiṣṭa+ācāra)

• śiṣṭa – taught, learned, disciplined, cultured
  past passive participle/adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root śiṣ (to teach, discipline) + kta
  Root: śiṣ (class 7)
• ācāra – conduct, custom, practice, behavior
  noun (masculine)
  from prefix ā- + root car (to move, behave) + ghañ
  Prefix: ā
  Root: car (class 1)

Note: Subject of implied 'is'.

बहुविधः (bahuvidhaḥ) - of many kinds (of many kinds, manifold, various)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bahuvidha

bahuvidha - of many kinds, manifold, various

Compound of bahu (many) and vidha (kind)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (bahu+vidha)

• bahu – many, much
  adjective (masculine)
• vidha – kind, sort, type
  noun (masculine)
  from root dhā (to place) + vi
  Prefix: vi
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Predicative adjective for śiṣṭācāraḥ.

ब्रूहि (brūhi) - please explain (tell, say, speak)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of brū

Imperative mood, 2nd person singular, active voice

root brū (2nd class); suffix -hi for imperative

Root: brū (class 2)

तत् (tat) - that (referring to the topic of discussion) (that, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of brūhi.

मे (me) - to me (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of mad

mad - I, me (pronoun)

Note: Indirect object of brūhi.

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandfather (addressing Bhīṣma) (O grandfather)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather, Brahmā (as ancestor)

Compound of pitṛ (father) + maha (great, exalted)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pitṛ+maha)

• pitṛ – father
  noun (masculine)
• maha – great, exalted
  adjective (masculine)