महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-283, verse-28

मानुषेषु महाराज धर्माधर्मौ प्रवर्ततः ।
न तथान्येषु भूतेषु मनुष्यरहितेष्विह ॥२८॥

28. mānuṣeṣu mahārāja dharmādharmau pravartataḥ ,
na tathānyeṣu bhūteṣu manuṣyarahiteṣviha.

28. mānuṣeṣu mahārāja dharmādharmau pravartataḥ
na tathā anyeṣu bhūteṣu manuṣyarahiteṣu iha

28. mahārāja,
mānuṣeṣu dharmādharmau pravartataḥ.
iha manuṣyarahiteṣu anyeṣu bhūteṣu tathā na.

28. Among human beings, O great king, the intrinsic nature (dharma) of existence and its opposite, unrighteousness (adharma), operate. This is not so among other creatures here that are devoid of human presence.

Words meanings summery:

• मानुषेषु (mānuṣeṣu) - among humans, in human beings

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

• धर्माधर्मौ (dharmādharmau) - natural law (dharma) and its opposite (adharma), righteousness and unrighteousness

• प्रवर्ततः (pravartataḥ) - they operate, they proceed, they are at play

• न (na) - not, no

• तथा (tathā) - so, thus, in that manner

• अन्येषु (anyeṣu) - among other, in other

• भूतेषु (bhūteṣu) - among beings, in creatures

• मनुष्यरहितेषु (manuṣyarahiteṣu) - among those devoid of humans, without human beings

• इह (iha) - here, in this world

Words meanings and morphology

मानुषेषु (mānuṣeṣu) - among humans, in human beings

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of mānuṣa

mānuṣa - human, pertaining to humans, man, human being

From `manuṣa` or `manus` + `aṇ` suffix.

महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Compound of `mahā` (great) + `rāja` (king).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+rājan)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
  Stem of `mahat`.
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  From root `rāj` (to shine, rule).
  Root: rāj (class 1)

धर्माधर्मौ (dharmādharmau) - natural law (dharma) and its opposite (adharma), righteousness and unrighteousness

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of dharmādharma

dharmādharma - righteousness and unrighteousness, good and evil, natural law (dharma) and its opposite

Dvandva compound of `dharma` and `adharma`.

Compound type : dvandva (dharma+adharma)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue (dharma)
  noun (masculine)
  From root `dhṛ` (to uphold, support).
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• adharma – unrighteousness, injustice, impiety, evil, non-duty, opposite of dharma
  noun (masculine)
  Negation of `dharma` with `a` prefix.
  Prefix: a
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Subject of the verb `pravartataḥ`.

प्रवर्ततः (pravartataḥ) - they operate, they proceed, they are at play

(verb)

3rd person , dual, active, present (laṭ) of pravart

Present Active Voice

From root `vṛt` (class 1) with `pra` prefix.

Prefix: pra

Root: vṛt (class 1)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

तथा (tathā) - so, thus, in that manner

(indeclinable)

Adverb.

Note: Refers to the manner of `pravartataḥ`.

अन्येषु (anyeṣu) - among other, in other

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, plural of anya

anya - other, different, another

Indefinite pronoun or adjective.

Note: Agrees with `bhūteṣu`.

भूतेषु (bhūteṣu) - among beings, in creatures

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of bhūta

bhūta - being, creature, element, ghost, past

Past Passive Participle

From root `bhū` (to be, become).

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Refers to living creatures.

मनुष्यरहितेषु (manuṣyarahiteṣu) - among those devoid of humans, without human beings

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, plural of manuṣyarahita

manuṣyarahita - devoid of humans, without men, uninhabited

Compound

Compound type : tatpurusha (manuṣya+rahita)

• manuṣya – human, man, human being
  noun (masculine)
  From `manus` + `ya` suffix.
• rahita – devoid of, destitute of, abandoned, left
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `rah` (to abandon, be deprived of).
  Root: rah (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `bhūteṣu`.

इह (iha) - here, in this world

(indeclinable)

Adverb of place and time.