महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-221, verse-2

निशाम्य पुत्रकान्बालान्माता तेषां तपस्विनी ।
जरिता दुःखसंतप्ता विललाप नरेश्वर ॥२॥

2. niśāmya putrakānbālānmātā teṣāṁ tapasvinī ,
jaritā duḥkhasaṁtaptā vilalāpa nareśvara.

2. niśāmya putrakān bālān mātā teṣām tapasvinī
jaritā duḥkhasaṃtaptā vilalāpa nareśvara

2. O King, observing her young sons, their distressed old mother, afflicted by sorrow, lamented.

Words meanings summery:

• निशाम्य (niśāmya) - having seen, observing, having perceived

• पुत्रकान् (putrakān) - little sons, young sons

• बालान् (bālān) - young ones, children

• माता (mātā) - mother

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of her sons (of them, their)

• तपस्विनी (tapasvinī) - distressed (mother) due to her sorrow (duḥkha) (distressed, ascetic, suffering, pious)

• जरिता (jaritā) - old woman, aged

• दुःखसंतप्ता (duḥkhasaṁtaptā) - afflicted by sorrow, tormented by suffering

• विललाप (vilalāpa) - lamented, wailed, wept

• नरेश्वर (nareśvara) - O king, O lord of men

Words meanings and morphology

निशाम्य (niśāmya) - having seen, observing, having perceived

(indeclinable)

absolutive/gerund

Derived from the root śam- (to see, perceive) with the prefix ni- and the suffix -ya (k/tvā for roots with prefixes).

Prefix: ni

Root: śam (class 1)

पुत्रकान् (putrakān) - little sons, young sons

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of putraka

putraka - little son, young son

Diminutive form of putra (son).

बालान् (bālān) - young ones, children

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of bāla

bāla - young, child, inexperienced

Note: Adjective modifying 'putrakān'.

माता (mātā) - mother

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of mātṛ

mātṛ - mother

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of her sons (of them, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the sons.

तपस्विनी (tapasvinī) - distressed (mother) due to her sorrow (duḥkha) (distressed, ascetic, suffering, pious)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tapasvin

tapasvin - ascetic, devout, distressed, suffering (tapas)

Derived from tapas (penance, suffering) with the possessive suffix -vin.

Note: Adjective modifying 'mātā'.

जरिता (jaritā) - old woman, aged

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of jaritṛ

jaritṛ - old woman, aged

From root jṛ (to decay, grow old).

Root: jṛ (class 1)

Note: Adjective-like noun modifying 'mātā'.

दुःखसंतप्ता (duḥkhasaṁtaptā) - afflicted by sorrow, tormented by suffering

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of duḥkhasaṃtapta

duḥkhasaṁtapta - afflicted by sorrow, tormented by suffering

Past Passive Participle

Compound of duḥkha (sorrow) and saṃtapta (afflicted, burnt), which is a PPP from saṃ-tap.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duḥkha+saṃtapta)

• duḥkha – sorrow, suffering, pain, misery
  noun (neuter)
• saṃtapta – afflicted, tormented, burnt, heated
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From the root tap (to heat, suffer) with the prefix saṃ-.
  Prefix: sam
  Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Adjective modifying 'mātā'.

विललाप (vilalāpa) - lamented, wailed, wept

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vilap

Root lap (to speak) with prefix vi- (denoting separation, distinctness, or intensity).

Prefix: vi

Root: lap (class 1)

नरेश्वर (nareśvara) - O king, O lord of men

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nareśvara

nareśvara - king, lord of men

Compound of nara (man) and īśvara (lord).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nara+īśvara)

• nara – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• īśvara – lord, master, controller, God
  noun (masculine)
  From root īś (to rule, be master of).
  Root: īś (class 2)

Note: Addressed to a king.