महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-221, verse-1

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
ततः प्रज्वलिते शुक्रे शार्ङ्गकास्ते सुदुःखिताः ।
व्यथिताः परमोद्विग्ना नाधिजग्मुः परायणम् ॥१॥

1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
tataḥ prajvalite śukre śārṅgakāste suduḥkhitāḥ ,
vyathitāḥ paramodvignā nādhijagmuḥ parāyaṇam.

1. vaiśaṃpāyana uvāca tataḥ prajvalite śukre śārṅgakāḥ te
suduḥkhitāḥ vyathitāḥ paramodvignāḥ na adhijagmuḥ parāyaṇam

1. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: "Then, when the bright fire (Śukra) blazed up, those Śārṅgakas (Mandapāla's sons) were greatly distressed. Tormented and extremely agitated, they found no refuge."

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायन (vaiśaṁpāyana) - The sage Vaiśampayana, narrator of the Mahābhārata. (Vaiśampayana)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereafter, from there

• प्रज्वलिते (prajvalite) - When the fire (śukra) was blazing. Used in a locative absolute construction. (having blazed up, when it was burning)

• शुक्रे (śukre) - Refers to Agni, the fire god, or the fire itself, as "the bright one". Used in a locative absolute. (in the bright one, in the fire)

• शार्ङ्गकाः (śārṅgakāḥ) - Mandapāla's children, who were birds, referred to as Śārṅgakas (descendants of Śārṅga). (Śārṅgakas, the birds (sons of Mandapāla))

• ते (te) - Refers to the Śārṅgakas. (those, they)

• सुदुःखिताः (suduḥkhitāḥ) - Describes the condition of the Śārṅgakas. (very distressed, extremely sorrowful)

• व्यथिताः (vyathitāḥ) - Describes the Śārṅgakas. (tormented, agitated, disturbed)

• परमोद्विग्नाः (paramodvignāḥ) - Describes the Śārṅgakas. (extremely agitated, greatly disturbed)

• न (na) - Negates the action of finding refuge. (not, no)

• अधिजग्मुः (adhijagmuḥ) - They could not find (reach) refuge. (they reached, they found, they obtained)

• परायणम् (parāyaṇam) - A place of safety or protection. (refuge, ultimate resort, main object)

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायन (vaiśaṁpāyana) - The sage Vaiśampayana, narrator of the Mahābhārata. (Vaiśampayana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Vaiśampayana (proper name)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense, active voice, 3rd person singular

Reduplicated perfect form of √vac

Root: vac (class 2)

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thereafter, from there

(indeclinable)

प्रज्वलिते (prajvalite) - When the fire (śukra) was blazing. Used in a locative absolute construction. (having blazed up, when it was burning)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of prajvalita

prajvalita - blazed up, ignited, inflamed

Past Passive Participle

pra- (forth) + √jval (to shine, burn) + kta (suffix for PPP)

Prefix: pra

Root: jval (class 1)

Note: Modifies `śukre`.

शुक्रे (śukre) - Refers to Agni, the fire god, or the fire itself, as "the bright one". Used in a locative absolute. (in the bright one, in the fire)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of śukra

śukra - bright, clear, luminous, fire, Agni

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: Subject of the locative absolute.

शार्ङ्गकाः (śārṅgakāḥ) - Mandapāla's children, who were birds, referred to as Śārṅgakas (descendants of Śārṅga). (Śārṅgakas, the birds (sons of Mandapāla))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śārṅgaka

śārṅgaka - descendant of Śārṅga, a kind of bird

Formed with suffix -ka from śārṅga.

Note: Subject of the clause.

ते (te) - Refers to the Śārṅgakas. (those, they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun

Note: Corresponds to `śārṅgakāḥ`.

सुदुःखिताः (suduḥkhitāḥ) - Describes the condition of the Śārṅgakas. (very distressed, extremely sorrowful)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of suduḥkhita

suduḥkhita - very distressed, extremely sorrowful

su- (very) + duḥkhita (distressed)

Compound type : karmadharaya (su+duḥkhita)

• su – good, well, very
  indeclinable
  prefix
• duḥkhita – distressed, grieved
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from √duḥkh (to suffer) + kta
  Root: duḥkh (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective.

व्यथिताः (vyathitāḥ) - Describes the Śārṅgakas. (tormented, agitated, disturbed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vyathita

vyathita - tormented, agitated, disturbed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √vyath (to suffer, be agitated) + kta

Root: vyath (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective.

परमोद्विग्नाः (paramodvignāḥ) - Describes the Śārṅgakas. (extremely agitated, greatly disturbed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of paramodvigna

paramodvigna - extremely agitated, greatly disturbed

parama (supreme, extreme) + udvigna (agitated)

Compound type : karmadharaya (parama+udvigna)

• parama – supreme, highest, utmost
  adjective (masculine)
• udvigna – agitated, disturbed, distressed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  ud- (up, out) + √vij (to tremble, be agitated) + kta
  Prefix: ud
  Root: vij (class 6)

Note: Predicate adjective.

न (na) - Negates the action of finding refuge. (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle

अधिजग्मुः (adhijagmuḥ) - They could not find (reach) refuge. (they reached, they found, they obtained)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of adhigam

Perfect tense, active voice, 3rd person plural

adhi- (upon, over) + √gam (to go) + perfect reduplication

Prefix: adhi

Root: gam (class 1)

परायणम् (parāyaṇam) - A place of safety or protection. (refuge, ultimate resort, main object)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of parāyaṇa

parāyaṇa - ultimate goal, highest resort, refuge, final destination

para (supreme) + ayana (going, course, resort)

Compound type : tatpurusha (para+ayana)

• para – supreme, highest, other
  adjective (neuter)
• ayana – going, course, path, refuge
  noun (neuter)
  From √i (to go)
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Object of `adhijagmuḥ`.