वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-63, verse-7

संकुलं दानवेन्द्रैश्च पातालतलवासिभिः ।
रोमहर्षकरं दृष्ट्वा विषेदुः कपिकुञ्जराः ॥७॥

7. saṃkulaṃ dānavendraiśca pātālatalavāsibhiḥ ,
romaharṣakaraṃ dṛṣṭvā viṣeduḥ kapikuñjarāḥ.

7. saṅkulam dānavendraiḥ ca pātālatalavāsibhiḥ
| romaharṣakaram dṛṣṭvā viṣeduḥ kapikuñjarāḥ

7. dānavendraiḥ ca pātālatalavāsibhiḥ saṅkulam
romaharṣakaram dṛṣṭvā kapikuñjarāḥ viṣeduḥ

7. Having seen it (the ocean) crowded with the lords of the demons (dānava) and inhabitants of the netherworld (pātāla), and also terrifying, the eminent monkeys became despondent.

Words meanings summery:

• सङ्कुलम् (saṅkulam) - full of many beings (crowded, filled, thronged)

• दानवेन्द्रैः (dānavendraiḥ) - by the lords of the dānavas (demons)

• च (ca) - and, also

• पातालतलवासिभिः (pātālatalavāsibhiḥ) - by the inhabitants of the netherworld (by those dwelling on the surface of pātāla (netherworld))

• रोमहर्षकरम् (romaharṣakaram) - horrifying to behold (causing hair to stand on end, terrifying, thrilling)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• विषेदुः (viṣeduḥ) - they desponded, became depressed, became sad

• कपिकुञ्जराः (kapikuñjarāḥ) - the leading monkeys (like Sugriva, Hanuman, etc.) (the best of monkeys, eminent monkeys)

Words meanings and morphology

सङ्कुलम् (saṅkulam) - full of many beings (crowded, filled, thronged)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of saṅkula

saṅkula - crowded, filled, confused

From prefix sam- + root √kul (to collect, heap).

Prefix: sam

Root: kul (class 1)

Note: Refers to the ocean, hence neuter singular.

दानवेन्द्रैः (dānavendraiḥ) - by the lords of the dānavas (demons)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dānavendra

dānavendra - lord of the dānavas, chief of demons

Compound type : Tatpurusha (dānava+indra)

• dānava – descendant of Danu, demon, asura
  noun (masculine)
• indra – chief, lord, king, Indra (the deity)
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agent of saṅkulam.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

पातालतलवासिभिः (pātālatalavāsibhiḥ) - by the inhabitants of the netherworld (by those dwelling on the surface of pātāla (netherworld))

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of pātālatalavāsin

pātālatalavāsin - inhabitant of the netherworld's surface

Compound describing those who dwell (vāsin) in the region (tala) of Pātāla.

Compound type : Tatpurusha (pātāla+tala+vāsin)

• pātāla – the lowest of the seven underworlds/netherworlds
  proper noun (neuter)
• tala – surface, plane, flat ground, region, level
  noun (neuter)
• vāsin – dweller, inhabitant
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun from root √vas (to dwell).
  Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Agent of saṅkulam.

रोमहर्षकरम् (romaharṣakaram) - horrifying to behold (causing hair to stand on end, terrifying, thrilling)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of romaharṣakara

romaharṣakara - causing hair to stand on end, terrifying, thrilling

Compound: roman (hair) + harṣa (erection, thrill) + kara (causing).

Compound type : Tatpurusha (roman+harṣa+kara)

• roman – hair (of the body)
  noun (neuter)
• harṣa – joy, thrill, erection (of hair)
  noun (masculine)
  From root √hṛṣ (to bristle, thrill).
  Root: hṛṣ (class 1)
• kara – maker, doer, causing, producing
  adjective (masculine)
  From root √kṛ (to do, make).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Refers to the ocean, hence neuter singular.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root √dṛś (to see) + suffix -tvā.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

विषेदुः (viṣeduḥ) - they desponded, became depressed, became sad

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of viṣad

Perfect Tense

Root √sad (to sit, sink) with prefix vi-, reduplicated.

Prefix: vi

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

कपिकुञ्जराः (kapikuñjarāḥ) - the leading monkeys (like Sugriva, Hanuman, etc.) (the best of monkeys, eminent monkeys)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kapikuñjara

kapikuñjara - chief of monkeys, excellent monkey

Compound: kapi (monkey) + kuñjara (elephant, used metaphorically for 'best of').

Compound type : Tatpurusha (kapi+kuñjara)

• kapi – monkey
  noun (masculine)
• kuñjara – elephant
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of viṣeduḥ.

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