वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-31, verse-20

न स क्षमः कोपयितुं यः प्रसाद्य पुनर्भवेत् ।
पूर्वोपकारं स्मरता कृतज्ञेन विशेषतः ॥२०॥

20. na sa kṣamaḥ kopayituṃ yaḥ prasādya punarbhavet ,
pūrvopakāraṃ smaratā kṛtajñena viśeṣataḥ.

20. na saḥ kṣamaḥ kopayitum yaḥ prasādya punar bhavet
| pūrvopakāram smaratā kṛtajñena viśeṣataḥ

20. yaḥ punar prasādya bhavet,
saḥ kopayitum na kṣamaḥ viśeṣataḥ pūrvopakāram smaratā kṛtajñena (na kṣamaḥ kopayitum)

20. One should not anger someone who can eventually be appeased again, especially if one is grateful and remembers past kindness.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not, no, nor

• सः (saḥ) - that person (he, that)

• क्षमः (kṣamaḥ) - worthy (of being angered) (able, capable, worthy, fit)

• कोपयितुम् (kopayitum) - to anger (him) (to cause to be angry, to anger, to irritate)

• यः (yaḥ) - he who (who, which, what)

• प्रसाद्य (prasādya) - capable of being appeased (again) (having appeased; to be appeased)

• पुनर् (punar) - again (again, anew, back, on the other hand)

• भवेत् (bhavet) - may (be appeased) (may be, should be, would be, might be)

• पूर्वोपकारम् (pūrvopakāram) - former kindness, previous benefit

• स्मरता (smaratā) - by one remembering

• कृतज्ञेन (kṛtajñena) - by the grateful one, by one who knows kindness

• विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially, particularly, distinctively

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not, no, nor

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Negates 'kṣamaḥ'.

सः (saḥ) - that person (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject.

क्षमः (kṣamaḥ) - worthy (of being angered) (able, capable, worthy, fit)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣama

kṣama - able, capable, worthy, fit, patient, enduring

From root 'kṣam' (to be patient, capable).

Root: kṣam (class 1)

कोपयितुम् (kopayitum) - to anger (him) (to cause to be angry, to anger, to irritate)

(infinitive)

यः (yaḥ) - he who (who, which, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, that

Relative pronoun.

प्रसाद्य (prasādya) - capable of being appeased (again) (having appeased; to be appeased)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (lyap pratyaya) of the causative 'prasādayati'. Or, understood as a gerundive.

From root 'sad' (to sit, settle) with upasarga 'pra' + causative suffix + 'ya' (for absolutive). If gerundive, it implies potential passive.

Prefix: pra

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Appears as a predicate to 'yaḥ', signifying a state or possibility.

पुनर् (punar) - again (again, anew, back, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

Adverb of time.

Note: Modifies 'bhavet' and 'prasādya'.

भवेत् (bhavet) - may (be appeased) (may be, should be, would be, might be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of bhū

Optative mood, active voice, 3rd person singular.

From root 'bhū' (to be).

Root: bhū (class 1)

पूर्वोपकारम् (pūrvopakāram) - former kindness, previous benefit

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pūrvopakāra

pūrvopakāra - former kindness, previous benefit, past service

Tatpurusha compound: 'pūrva' (former) + 'upakāra' (help, kindness).

Compound type : tatpurusha (pūrva+upakāra)

• pūrva – former, prior, previous, eastern
  adjective (masculine/neuter/feminine)
• upakāra – help, assistance, benefit, kindness
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'kṛ' (to do) with upasarga 'upa'.
  Prefix: upa
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

स्मरता (smaratā) - by one remembering

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of smarat

smarat - remembering, recollecting

Present Active Participle

From root 'smṛ' (to remember).

Root: smṛ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'kṛtajñena'.

कृतज्ञेन (kṛtajñena) - by the grateful one, by one who knows kindness

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kṛtajña

kṛtajña - grateful, thankful, knowing kindness, acknowledging good deeds

Compound 'kṛta' (done) + 'jña' (knowing). One who knows what has been done for them.

Compound type : upapada tatpurusha (kṛta+jña)

• kṛta – done, made, performed
  adjective (masculine/neuter/feminine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'kṛ' (to do).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• jña – knowing, knowledgeable, intelligent
  adjective (masculine/neuter/feminine)
  From root 'jñā' (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Refers to the implied subject who should not anger.

विशेषतः (viśeṣataḥ) - especially, particularly, distinctively

(indeclinable)

From 'viśeṣa' (distinction, particularity) + 'tas' suffix.