वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-26, verse-8

तत् समुत्थेन शोकेन बाष्पोपहतचेतसं ।
तं शोचमानं काकुत्स्थं नित्यं शोकपरायणम् ।
तुल्यदुःखो ऽब्रवीद्भ्राता लक्ष्मणो ऽनुनयन् वचः ॥८॥

8. tat samutthena śokena bāṣpopahatacetasaṃ ,
taṃ śocamānaṃ kākutsthaṃ nityaṃ śokaparāyaṇam ,
tulyaduḥkho'bravīdbhrātā lakṣmaṇo'nunayan vacaḥ.

8. tat sam-utthena śokena bāṣpa-upahata-cetasam
tam śocamānam kākutstham
nityam śoka-parāyaṇam tulya-duḥkhaḥ
abravīt bhrātā lakṣmaṇaḥ anunayan vacaḥ

8. tulyaduḥkhaḥ bhrātā lakṣmaṇaḥ tat
sam-utthena śokena bāṣpa-upahata-cetasam
nityam śoka-parāyaṇam śocamānam
tam kākutstham anunayan vacaḥ abravīt

8. Then, with the sorrow that had arisen from that, his mind overwhelmed by tears, his brother Lakshmana, who shared his grief, spoke words of conciliation to Rama (Kākutstha), who was constantly immersed in lamentation.

Words meanings summery:

• तत् (tat) - then (referring to the previous state of grief) (that, then)

• सम्-उत्थेन (sam-utthena) - arisen (from that) (arisen, sprung up)

• शोकेन (śokena) - with sorrow (by sorrow, with sorrow)

• बाष्प-उपहत-चेतसम् (bāṣpa-upahata-cetasam) - whose mind was overwhelmed by tears (Rama) (whose mind was overwhelmed by tears)

• तम् (tam) - him (Rama) (him, that)

• शोचमानम् (śocamānam) - grieving, lamenting (Rama) (grieving, lamenting)

• काकुत्स्थम् (kākutstham) - Rama (descendant of Kakutstha (Rama))

• नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly (constantly, eternally, always)

• शोक-परायणम् (śoka-parāyaṇam) - immersed in sorrow (Rama) (devoted to sorrow, immersed in sorrow)

• तुल्य-दुःखः (tulya-duḥkhaḥ) - sharing his grief (Lakshmana) (having equal sorrow, sharing the pain)

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke (spoke, said)

• भ्राता (bhrātā) - brother

• लक्ष्मणः (lakṣmaṇaḥ) - Lakshmana

• अनुनयन् (anunayan) - conciliating, speaking words of comfort (conciliating, comforting, persuading)

• वचः (vacaḥ) - words (word, speech)

Words meanings and morphology

तत् (tat) - then (referring to the previous state of grief) (that, then)

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun. Used here adverbially or as a pronoun in agreement with śokena.

Note: It's acting as a reference to the cause of the sorrow. "From that (situation)".

सम्-उत्थेन (sam-utthena) - arisen (from that) (arisen, sprung up)

(participle)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of sam-uttha

sam-uttha - arisen, sprung up, produced

Past passive participle

From sam-ud-sthā (to rise up, emerge) with suffix -ta.

Prefixes: sam+ud

Root: sthā (class 1)

शोकेन (śokena) - with sorrow (by sorrow, with sorrow)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - sorrow, grief, lamentation

From root śuc (to grieve).

Root: śuc (class 1)

बाष्प-उपहत-चेतसम् (bāṣpa-upahata-cetasam) - whose mind was overwhelmed by tears (Rama) (whose mind was overwhelmed by tears)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bāṣpa-upahata-cetas

bāṣpa-upahata-cetas - whose mind is afflicted/overcome by tears

Bahuvrīhi compound. 'upahata' is a P.P.P.

Compound: 'bāṣpa' (tears) + 'upahata' (struck, afflicted) + 'cetas' (mind).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (bāṣpa+upahata+cetas)

• bāṣpa – tears
  noun (masculine)
• upahata – struck, afflicted, harmed, overcome
  participle (neuter)
  Past passive participle
  From upa-han (to strike, afflict).
  Prefix: upa
  Root: han (class 2)
• cetas – mind, consciousness, heart
  noun (neuter)

तम् (tam) - him (Rama) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to Rama.

शोचमानम् (śocamānam) - grieving, lamenting (Rama) (grieving, lamenting)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śocamāna

śocamāna - grieving, lamenting, mourning

Present middle participle

From root śuc (to grieve, sorrow) with suffix -māna.

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: Describes Rama's state.

काकुत्स्थम् (kākutstham) - Rama (descendant of Kakutstha (Rama))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kākutstha

kākutstha - descendant of Kakutstha (an epithet for Rama)

Patrononymic from Kakutstha.

नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly (constantly, eternally, always)

(indeclinable)

Used adverbially here.

Note: Modifies 'śoka-parāyaṇam'.

शोक-परायणम् (śoka-parāyaṇam) - immersed in sorrow (Rama) (devoted to sorrow, immersed in sorrow)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śoka-parāyaṇa

śoka-parāyaṇa - devoted to sorrow, prone to sorrow, fully absorbed in grief

Tatpuruṣa compound: śoka (sorrow) + parāyaṇa (devoted to, aiming at).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śoka+parāyaṇa)

• śoka – sorrow, grief
  noun (masculine)
  From root śuc (to grieve).
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• parāyaṇa – chief object, ultimate aim, devoted to, absorbed in
  noun/adjective (neuter)
  From para (other, ultimate) + ayana (going, course).
  Prefix: pari
  Root: i (class 2)

तुल्य-दुःखः (tulya-duḥkhaḥ) - sharing his grief (Lakshmana) (having equal sorrow, sharing the pain)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tulya-duḥkha

tulya-duḥkha - having similar sorrow, sympathizing in grief

Bahuvrīhi compound.

Compound: tulya (equal, similar) + duḥkha (pain, sorrow).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (tulya+duḥkha)

• tulya – equal, similar, like
  adjective (neuter)
  From root tul (to weigh, balance).
  Root: tul (class 10)
• duḥkha – suffering, pain, sorrow, misery
  noun (neuter)

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke (spoke, said)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of brū

Imperfect (laṅ), 3rd person singular active

From root brū (to speak), augmented imperfect form.

Root: brū (class 2)

भ्राता (bhrātā) - brother

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

लक्ष्मणः (lakṣmaṇaḥ) - Lakshmana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of lakṣmaṇa

lakṣmaṇa - Lakshmana (Rama's brother)

अनुनयन् (anunayan) - conciliating, speaking words of comfort (conciliating, comforting, persuading)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of anunayat

anunayat - conciliating, soothing, persuading, leading towards

Present active participle

From anu-nī (to lead after, conciliate) with suffix -at.

Prefix: anu

Root: nī (class 1)

Note: Describes Lakshmana's action while speaking.

वचः (vacaḥ) - words (word, speech)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vacas

vacas - word, speech, saying

From root vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Can be singular 'speech' or collective 'words'.

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