वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-35, verse-9

न च धर्मगुणैर्हीनैः कौसल्यानन्दवर्धनः ।
न च तीक्ष्णो हि भूतानां सर्वेषां च हिते रतः ॥९॥

9. na ca dharmaguṇairhīnaiḥ kausalyānandavardhanaḥ ,
na ca tīkṣṇo hi bhūtānāṃ sarveṣāṃ ca hite rataḥ.

9. na ca dharmaguṇaiḥ hīnaiḥ kausalyānandavardhanaḥ
na ca tīkṣṇaḥ hi bhūtānām sarveṣām ca hite rataḥ

9. ca kausalyānandavardhanaḥ na dharmaguṇaiḥ hīnaiḥ (āsīt).
ca hi na tīkṣṇaḥ (āsīt),
ca sarveṣām bhūtānām hi hite rataḥ (āsīt)

9. And the one who increased Kaushalya's joy (Rama) was not characterized by deficient virtues of natural law (dharma). Indeed, he was not harsh, but devoted to the welfare of all beings.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - negates the following adjective/state (not, no)

• च (ca) - connects negative clauses, also used with 'na' for 'neither...nor' (and, also)

• धर्मगुणैः (dharmaguṇaiḥ) - the inherent good qualities (dharma) of Rama (by the qualities of natural law, by virtues of righteousness)

• हीनैः (hīnaiḥ) - modifies dharmaguṇaiḥ, describing them as deficient (in the sense that Rama was not characterized by such deficient qualities) (devoid, lacking, deficient, abandoned)

• कौसल्यानन्दवर्धनः (kausalyānandavardhanaḥ) - an epithet for Rama (increaser of Kaushalya's joy)

• न (na) - negates the following adjective/state (not, no)

• च (ca) - connects negative clauses (and, also)

• तीक्ष्णः (tīkṣṇaḥ) - Rama was not harsh or severe in nature (sharp, harsh, severe, cruel, pungent)

• हि (hi) - emphasizes the statement (indeed, for, because, surely)

• भूतानाम् (bhūtānām) - of all living beings (of beings, of creatures, of elements)

• सर्वेषाम् (sarveṣām) - modifying bhūtānām (of all, of every)

• च (ca) - connects two clauses or elements (and, also)

• हिते (hite) - dedicated to the benefit of others (in welfare, in good, in benefit)

• रतः (rataḥ) - devoted to the welfare of beings (devoted to, engaged in, fond of)

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - negates the following adjective/state (not, no)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - connects negative clauses, also used with 'na' for 'neither...nor' (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used multiple times in the verse

धर्मगुणैः (dharmaguṇaiḥ) - the inherent good qualities (dharma) of Rama (by the qualities of natural law, by virtues of righteousness)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dharmaguṇa

dharmaguṇa - quality of righteousness, virtuous quality

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+guṇa)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• guṇa – quality, virtue, attribute
  noun (masculine)

Note: Used with hīnaiḥ

हीनैः (hīnaiḥ) - modifies dharmaguṇaiḥ, describing them as deficient (in the sense that Rama was not characterized by such deficient qualities) (devoid, lacking, deficient, abandoned)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of hīna

hīna - devoid of, lacking, deficient

Past Passive Participle

From √hā (to abandon, to quit, to be deficient)

Root: hā (class 3)

कौसल्यानन्दवर्धनः (kausalyānandavardhanaḥ) - an epithet for Rama (increaser of Kaushalya's joy)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kausalyānandavardhana

kausalyānandavardhana - increaser of Kaushalya's joy

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kausalyā+ānanda+vardhana)

• kausalyā – Kaushalya (mother of Rama)
  proper noun (feminine)
• ānanda – joy, happiness, delight
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: nand (class 1)
• vardhana – increasing, causing to grow, intensifying
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/adjective from causal √vṛdh
  Derived from the causal form of √vṛdh (to grow, increase)
  Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Subject of the implied verb asti

न (na) - negates the following adjective/state (not, no)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - connects negative clauses (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used multiple times in the verse

तीक्ष्णः (tīkṣṇaḥ) - Rama was not harsh or severe in nature (sharp, harsh, severe, cruel, pungent)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tīkṣṇa

tīkṣṇa - sharp, harsh, severe, cruel

Note: Predicate adjective for Rama

हि (hi) - emphasizes the statement (indeed, for, because, surely)

(indeclinable)

भूतानाम् (bhūtānām) - of all living beings (of beings, of creatures, of elements)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, plural of bhūta

bhūta - being, creature, element, past

Past Passive Participle (substantivized)

Derived from √bhū (to be, to become)

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Possessive for hite

सर्वेषाम् (sarveṣām) - modifying bhūtānām (of all, of every)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every

Note: Agrees with bhūtānām

च (ca) - connects two clauses or elements (and, also)

(indeclinable)

हिते (hite) - dedicated to the benefit of others (in welfare, in good, in benefit)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of hita

hita - welfare, benefit, good

Past Passive Participle (substantivized)

Derived from √dhā (to place, to put) + prefix hi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Governed by rataḥ

रतः (rataḥ) - devoted to the welfare of beings (devoted to, engaged in, fond of)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rata

rata - devoted to, engaged in

Past Passive Participle

From √ram (to delight, to sport, to rest)

Root: ram (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for Rama