वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-35, verse-2

सुलभाः पुरुषा राजन् सततं प्रियवादिनः ।
अप्रियस्य च पथ्यस्य वक्ता श्रोता च दुर्लभः ॥२॥

2. sulabhāḥ puruṣā rājan satataṃ priyavādinaḥ ,
apriyasya ca pathyasya vaktā śrotā ca durlabhaḥ.

2. sulabhāḥ puruṣāḥ rājan satatam priyavādinaḥ
apriyasya ca pathyasya vaktā śrotā ca durlabhaḥ

2. rājan priyavādinaḥ puruṣāḥ satatam sulabhāḥ
apriyasya pathyasya ca vaktā ca śrotā durlabhaḥ

2. O king, men who always speak pleasant words are easily found. But a speaker and a listener of that which is unpleasant yet wholesome are rare.

Words meanings summery:

• सुलभाः (sulabhāḥ) - easily found (easy to obtain, easily found, common)

• पुरुषाः (puruṣāḥ) - men (men, people, human beings)

• राजन् (rājan) - O king

• सततम् (satatam) - always (always, constantly, continuously)

• प्रियवादिनः (priyavādinaḥ) - speaking pleasant words (speakers of pleasant words, flatterers)

• अप्रियस्य (apriyasya) - of that which is unpleasant (of the unpleasant, of the disagreeable)

• च (ca) - and

• पथ्यस्य (pathyasya) - of that which is beneficial (of the wholesome, of the beneficial, of the salutary)

• वक्ता (vaktā) - speaker (speaker, one who speaks)

• श्रोता (śrotā) - listener (listener, hearer)

• च (ca) - and

• दुर्लभः (durlabhaḥ) - rare (difficult to obtain, rare, hard to find)

Words meanings and morphology

सुलभाः (sulabhāḥ) - easily found (easy to obtain, easily found, common)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sulabha

sulabha - easy to obtain, easily found, common, accessible

From su- (good, well) + labh (to obtain)

Prefix: su

Root: labh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'puruṣāḥ'.

पुरुषाः (puruṣāḥ) - men (men, people, human beings)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, person, human being, spirit, the cosmic person (puruṣa)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

राजन् (rājan) - O king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: rāj (class 1)

सततम् (satatam) - always (always, constantly, continuously)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial usage.

प्रियवादिनः (priyavādinaḥ) - speaking pleasant words (speakers of pleasant words, flatterers)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of priyavādin

priyavādin - speaking pleasantly, flatterer, speaker of kind words

From priya (pleasant) + vādin (speaker)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (priya+vādin)

• priya – dear, pleasant, beloved
  adjective
• vādin – speaking, speaker, one who says
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Formed from root vad- with suffix -in
  Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'puruṣāḥ'.

अप्रियस्य (apriyasya) - of that which is unpleasant (of the unpleasant, of the disagreeable)

(adjective)

Genitive, singular of apriya

apriya - unpleasant, disagreeable, disliked

From a- (negation) + priya (pleasant)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+priya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• priya – dear, pleasant, beloved
  adjective

Note: Qualifies an implied noun (e.g., 'vacanasya' - 'of the word').

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

Note: Connects 'apriyasya' and 'pathyasya'.

पथ्यस्य (pathyasya) - of that which is beneficial (of the wholesome, of the beneficial, of the salutary)

(adjective)

Genitive, singular of pathya

pathya - fit for the path, wholesome, beneficial, salutary, suitable

From path (path) + -ya suffix.

Note: Qualifies an implied noun (e.g., 'vacanasya' - 'of the word').

वक्ता (vaktā) - speaker (speaker, one who speaks)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaktṛ

vaktṛ - speaker, orator, one who speaks

Agent noun

From root vac- (to speak) with suffix -tṛ

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Subject of the second clause.

श्रोता (śrotā) - listener (listener, hearer)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śrotṛ

śrotṛ - listener, hearer

Agent noun

From root śru- (to hear) with suffix -tṛ

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Co-subject with 'vaktā'.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

Note: Connects 'vaktā' and 'śrotā'.

दुर्लभः (durlabhaḥ) - rare (difficult to obtain, rare, hard to find)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durlabha

durlabha - difficult to obtain, rare, hard to find

From dur- (bad, difficult) + labh (to obtain)

Prefix: dur

Root: labh (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'vaktā' and 'śrotā'.

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