वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-38, verse-1

ततः समीक्ष्य शयने सन्नं शोकेन पार्थिवम् ।
कौसल्या पुत्रशोकार्ता तमुवाच महीपतिम् ॥१॥

1. tataḥ samīkṣya śayane sannaṃ śokena pārthivam ,
kausalyā putraśokārtā tamuvāca mahīpatim.

1. tataḥ samīkṣya śayane sannam śokena pārthivam
kausalyā putraśokārtā tam uvāca mahīpatim

1. tataḥ putraśokārtā kausalyā śayane śokena
sannam pārthivam samīkṣya tam mahīpatim uvāca

1. Then, Kausalya, afflicted by the sorrow for her son, having observed the king on his bed, utterly overcome by grief, spoke to that lord of the earth.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

• समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having seen, having observed

• शयने (śayane) - on the bed, in the bed

• सन्नम् (sannam) - overcome (by grief) (sunk, depressed, oppressed)

• शोकेन (śokena) - by sorrow, by grief

• पार्थिवम् (pārthivam) - the king (Dasaratha) (king, belonging to the earth)

• कौसल्या (kausalyā) - Kausalya

• पुत्रशोकार्ता (putraśokārtā) - afflicted by the sorrow of a son

• तम् (tam) - that (masculine accusative singular)

• उवाच (uvāca) - she spoke, he spoke, said

• महीपतिम् (mahīpatim) - King Dasaratha (king, lord of the earth)

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then, thence, afterwards

(indeclinable)

Root: tad

समीक्ष्य (samīkṣya) - having seen, having observed

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

From root `īkṣ` (to see) with prefix `sam`.

Prefix: sam

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Precedes the main verb `uvāca`.

शयने (śayane) - on the bed, in the bed

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of śayana

śayana - lying down, sleeping, bed, couch

From root `śī` (to lie down).

Root: śī (class 2)

Note: Location of `pārthivam`.

सन्नम् (sannam) - overcome (by grief) (sunk, depressed, oppressed)

(participle)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sanna

sanna - sunk, depressed, dejected, oppressed, exhausted

Past Passive Participle

From root `sad` (to sink, sit) with prefix `sam`.

Prefix: sam

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `pārthivam`.

शोकेन (śokena) - by sorrow, by grief

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - sorrow, grief, lamentation, anguish

From root `śuc` (to mourn).

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: Agent of `sannam` (sunk by sorrow).

पार्थिवम् (pārthivam) - the king (Dasaratha) (king, belonging to the earth)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pārthiva

pārthiva - earthly, terrestrial; a king, ruler

Derived from `pṛthivī` (earth).

Note: Object of `samīkṣya`.

कौसल्या (kausalyā) - Kausalya

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kausalyā

kausalyā - Kausalya (name of Dasaratha's chief queen and Rama's mother)

Feminine noun ending in long `ā`.

Note: Subject of `uvāca`.

पुत्रशोकार्ता (putraśokārtā) - afflicted by the sorrow of a son

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of putraśokārta

putraśokārta - afflicted by grief for one's son

Feminine form.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (putra+śoka+ārta)

• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)
• śoka – sorrow, grief, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
  From root `śuc` (to mourn).
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• ārta – distressed, afflicted, suffering, pained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `ṛ` (to go) + `ta`, often used in sense of `ṛcch` (to go, suffer).
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Qualifies `kausalyā`.

तम् (tam) - that (masculine accusative singular)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to `mahīpatim`.

उवाच (uvāca) - she spoke, he spoke, said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense, Third Person Singular

Irregular perfect tense form of root `vac`.

Root: vac (class 2)

महीपतिम् (mahīpatim) - King Dasaratha (king, lord of the earth)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahīpati

mahīpati - king, lord of the earth

Compound type : tatpurusha (mahī+pati)

• mahī – earth, ground
  noun (feminine)
  Feminine `ī`-stem noun.
  Root: mah (class 1)
• pati – lord, master, husband
  noun (masculine)
  Masculine `i`-stem noun.
  Root: pā (class 1)

Note: Object of `uvāca`.