मार्कण्डेय-पुराणम्
mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇam
-
chapter-54, verse-17
विप्रो वैश्यस्तथा शूद्रः क्षत्रियश्च स्ववर्णतः ।
तस्योपरि तथैवाष्टौ पुर्यो दिक्षु यथाक्रमम् ॥१७॥
तस्योपरि तथैवाष्टौ पुर्यो दिक्षु यथाक्रमम् ॥१७॥
17. vipro vaiśyastathā śūdraḥ kṣatriyaśca svavarṇataḥ .
tasyopari tathaivāṣṭau puryo dikṣu yathākramam.
tasyopari tathaivāṣṭau puryo dikṣu yathākramam.
17.
vipraḥ vaiśyaḥ tathā śūdraḥ kṣatriyaḥ ca sva-varṇataḥ
| tasya upari tathā eva aṣṭau puryaḥ dikṣu yathākramam
| tasya upari tathā eva aṣṭau puryaḥ dikṣu yathākramam
17.
The Brāhmaṇa, the Vaiśya, the Śūdra, and the Kṣatriya, each according to their own social class (varṇa), are situated. Above that, similarly, there are eight cities (purī) in the cardinal and intermediate directions, in their respective order.
Words meanings summery:
(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)
- विप्रः (vipraḥ) - A member of the priestly class (Brāhmaṇa, twice-born)
- वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - A member of the merchant and agricultural class (Vaiśya)
- तथा (tathā) - and, also (thus, so, and, also)
- शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - A member of the fourth social class, typically laborers or servants (Śūdra)
- क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - A member of the warrior or ruling class (Kṣatriya)
- च (ca) - and (and, also)
- स्व-वर्णतः (sva-varṇataḥ) - according to their respective social classes (according to one's own class)
- तस्य (tasya) - of that (referring to a previously established arrangement or central point) (of that, its)
- उपरि (upari) - above (above, upon, over)
- तथा (tathā) - similarly (thus, so, similarly)
- एव (eva) - indeed (reinforces 'similarly') (indeed, only, just)
- अष्टौ (aṣṭau) - eight
- पुर्यः (puryaḥ) - cities (cities, towns, fortresses)
- दिक्षु (dikṣu) - in the cardinal and intermediate directions (in the directions)
- यथाक्रमम् (yathākramam) - in their proper, respective order (in due order, respectively)
Words meanings and morphology
विप्रः (vipraḥ) - A member of the priestly class (Brāhmaṇa, twice-born)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of vipra
vipra - a Brāhmaṇa; a sage; inspired; wise; priest
From √vip (to tremble, inspire)
Root: vip (class 1)
वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - A member of the merchant and agricultural class (Vaiśya)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśya
vaiśya - a man of the third of the four chief castes (trader, farmer)
From viś (settlement, community)
तथा (tathā) - and, also (thus, so, and, also)
(indeclinable)
शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - A member of the fourth social class, typically laborers or servants (Śūdra)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of śūdra
śūdra - a man of the fourth or lowest of the four original castes
क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - A member of the warrior or ruling class (Kṣatriya)
(noun)
Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣatriya
kṣatriya - a member of the military or regal caste
From kṣatra (rule, dominion)
च (ca) - and (and, also)
(indeclinable)
स्व-वर्णतः (sva-varṇataḥ) - according to their respective social classes (according to one's own class)
(indeclinable)
Adverb formed by adding the suffix -tas to a compound.
Compound type : tatpurusha (sva+varṇa)
- sva – one's own, personal
pronoun (masculine) - varṇa – color, tint, caste, class, social order
noun (masculine)
Root: vṛ (class 5)
Note: The suffix -taḥ implies 'from', 'by reason of', 'according to'.
तस्य (tasya) - of that (referring to a previously established arrangement or central point) (of that, its)
(pronoun)
Genitive, masculine, singular of tad
tad - that, he, she, it
उपरि (upari) - above (above, upon, over)
(indeclinable)
तथा (tathā) - similarly (thus, so, similarly)
(indeclinable)
एव (eva) - indeed (reinforces 'similarly') (indeed, only, just)
(indeclinable)
अष्टौ (aṣṭau) - eight
(numeral)
Note: Declines commonly for all genders in Nom/Acc.
पुर्यः (puryaḥ) - cities (cities, towns, fortresses)
(noun)
Nominative, feminine, plural of purī
purī - a city, town, fortress
दिक्षु (dikṣu) - in the cardinal and intermediate directions (in the directions)
(noun)
Locative, feminine, plural of diś
diś - direction, quarter of the sky, space
Root: diś (class 6)
यथाक्रमम् (yathākramam) - in their proper, respective order (in due order, respectively)
(indeclinable)
Compound (avyayībhāva) used adverbially.
Compound type : avyayībhāva (yathā+krama)
- yathā – as, according to, in which manner
indeclinable - krama – step, order, series, sequence
noun (masculine)
Root: kram (class 1)