महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-2, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
हते द्रोणे महेष्वासे तव पुत्रा महारथाः ।
बभूवुराश्वस्तमुखा विषण्णा गतचेतसः ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
hate droṇe maheṣvāse tava putrā mahārathāḥ ,
babhūvurāśvastamukhā viṣaṇṇā gatacetasaḥ.

1. saṃjayaḥ uvāca hate droṇe maheṣvāse tava putrāḥ
mahārathāḥ babhūvuḥ āśvastamukhāḥ viṣaṇṇāḥ gatacetasaḥ

1. saṃjayaḥ uvāca: droṇe maheṣvāse hate,
tava putrāḥ mahārathāḥ āśvastamukhāḥ viṣaṇṇāḥ gatacetasaḥ babhūvuḥ.

1. Sanjaya said: "When Drona, the great archer, was killed, your sons, those great warriors (mahārathāḥ), became disheartened, dejected, and utterly bewildered, with their faces downcast."

Words meanings summery:

• संजयः (saṁjayaḥ) - Sanjaya (proper noun)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• हते (hate) - when killed (having been killed, destroyed, struck down)

• द्रोणे (droṇe) - Drona (proper noun)

• महेष्वासे (maheṣvāse) - in the great archer, having a great bow

• तव (tava) - (Dhritarashtra's) (your, of you)

• पुत्राः (putrāḥ) - Dhritarashtra's sons (the Kauravas) (sons)

• महारथाः (mahārathāḥ) - great warriors, great charioteers

• बभूवुः (babhūvuḥ) - they became, they were

• आश्वस्तमुखाः (āśvastamukhāḥ) - with disheartened faces, with downcast faces

• विषण्णाः (viṣaṇṇāḥ) - dejected, despondent, sad, depressed

• गतचेतसः (gatacetasaḥ) - deprived of sense/courage, bewildered, senseless

Words meanings and morphology

संजयः (saṁjayaḥ) - Sanjaya (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (name of Dhritarashtra's charioteer and narrator)

From 'saṃ' (together, completely) + root 'ji' (to conquer).

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Tense

3rd person singular, Perfect Tense, Parasmaipada

Root: vac (class 2)

हते (hate) - when killed (having been killed, destroyed, struck down)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of hata

hata - killed, struck, destroyed, abandoned

Past Passive Participle

From root 'han' (to strike, kill).

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction 'hate Droṇe' (when Drona was killed).

द्रोणे (droṇe) - Drona (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona (name of the teacher of the Kauravas and Pandavas)

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction 'hate Droṇe'.

महेष्वासे (maheṣvāse) - in the great archer, having a great bow

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of maheṣvāsa

maheṣvāsa - great archer, one with a great bow

Compound: 'mahā' (great) + 'iṣvāsa' (archer, bowman).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+iṣvāsa)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective
• iṣvāsa – bowman, archer, one who shoots arrows
  noun (masculine)
  Compound: 'iṣu' (arrow) + 'āsa' (thrower, shooter from as 'to throw')
  Root: as (class 4)

Note: An epithet for Drona.

तव (tava) - (Dhritarashtra's) (your, of you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

2nd person pronoun

पुत्राः (putrāḥ) - Dhritarashtra's sons (the Kauravas) (sons)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of putra

putra - son, child

महारथाः (mahārathāḥ) - great warriors, great charioteers

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of mahāratha

mahāratha - great warrior, great charioteer (capable of fighting 10,000 archers)

Compound: 'mahā' (great) + 'ratha' (chariot, warrior in a chariot).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective
• ratha – chariot, war-car; a warrior fighting from a chariot
  noun (masculine)

बभूवुः (babhūvuḥ) - they became, they were

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of bhū

Perfect Tense

3rd person plural, Perfect Tense, Parasmaipada

Root: bhū (class 1)

आश्वस्तमुखाः (āśvastamukhāḥ) - with disheartened faces, with downcast faces

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of āśvastamukha

āśvastamukha - with downcast or disheartened face

Compound: 'āśvasta' (disheartened, despondent) + 'mukha' (face).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (āśvasta+mukha)

• āśvasta – disheartened, despondent, disheartened, out of breath
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from ā-śvas
  Prefix: ā
  Root: śvas (class 2)
• mukha – face, mouth, opening, front
  noun (neuter)

विषण्णाः (viṣaṇṇāḥ) - dejected, despondent, sad, depressed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of viṣaṇṇa

viṣaṇṇa - dejected, depressed, despondent, disheartened

Past Passive Participle

From root 'sad' (to sink) with prefix 'vi'.

Prefix: vi

Root: sad (class 1)

गतचेतसः (gatacetasaḥ) - deprived of sense/courage, bewildered, senseless

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of gatacetas

gatacetas - whose mind/courage has departed, bewildered, senseless

Compound: 'gata' (gone, departed) + 'cetas' (mind, intelligence, courage).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (gata+cetas)

• gata – gone, departed, arrived at
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  from root gam
  Root: gam (class 1)
• cetas – mind, intelligence, consciousness, heart, courage
  noun (neuter)