महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-76, verse-14

कथं हि पुरुषो जातः क्षत्रियेषु धनुर्धरः ।
समाहूतो निवर्तेत प्राणत्यागेऽप्युपस्थिते ॥१४॥

14. kathaṁ hi puruṣo jātaḥ kṣatriyeṣu dhanurdharaḥ ,
samāhūto nivarteta prāṇatyāge'pyupasthite.

14. katham hi puruṣaḥ jātaḥ kṣatriyeṣu dhanurdharaḥ
samāhūtaḥ nivarteta prāṇatyāge api upasthite

14. How indeed would a person (puruṣa) born among kṣatriyas, an archer, turn back when challenged, even when the sacrifice of life (prāṇa) is imminent?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how?

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for

• पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - a man, a person (puruṣa)

• जातः (jātaḥ) - born

• क्षत्रियेषु (kṣatriyeṣu) - among kṣatriyas, among warriors

• धनुर्धरः (dhanurdharaḥ) - an archer, one who holds a bow

• समाहूतः (samāhūtaḥ) - challenged, invited (to battle)

• निवर्तेत (nivarteta) - would turn back, would desist, would retreat

• प्राणत्यागे (prāṇatyāge) - in the sacrifice of life (prāṇa), at the abandonment of life

• अपि (api) - even, also

• उपस्थिते (upasthite) - being present, imminent, at hand

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how?

(indeclinable)

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for

(indeclinable)

पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - a man, a person (puruṣa)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, male, human being, person, spirit, cosmic being (puruṣa)

जातः (jātaḥ) - born

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jāta

jāta - born, produced, arisen, existing

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of root jan (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)

क्षत्रियेषु (kṣatriyeṣu) - among kṣatriyas, among warriors

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of kṣatriya

kṣatriya - member of the warrior or ruling class, kṣatriya

From kṣatra (rule, dominion).

धनुर्धरः (dhanurdharaḥ) - an archer, one who holds a bow

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhanurdhara

dhanurdhara - bow-bearer, archer

Compound: dhanus (bow) + dhara (bearer).

Compound type : tatpurusha (dhanus+dhara)

• dhanus – bow
  noun (neuter)
• dhara – bearing, holding, wearing
  adjective (masculine)
  From root dhṛ (to hold, bear).
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

समाहूतः (samāhūtaḥ) - challenged, invited (to battle)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samāhūta

samāhūta - called together, summoned, challenged, invited

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of root hū (to call), with prefixes sam- and ā-.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: hū (class 3)

निवर्तेत (nivarteta) - would turn back, would desist, would retreat

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (liṅ) of nivṛt

From root vṛt (to turn) with prefix ni-.

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛt (class 1)

प्राणत्यागे (prāṇatyāge) - in the sacrifice of life (prāṇa), at the abandonment of life

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of prāṇatyāga

prāṇatyāga - abandonment of life, sacrifice of life

Compound: prāṇa (life-breath) + tyāga (abandonment, sacrifice).

Compound type : tatpurusha (prāṇa+tyāga)

• prāṇa – life-breath, vital air, life (prāṇa)
  noun (masculine)
• tyāga – abandonment, relinquishment, sacrifice
  noun (masculine)
  From root tyaj (to abandon).
  Root: tyaj (class 1)

अपि (api) - even, also

(indeclinable)

उपस्थिते (upasthite) - being present, imminent, at hand

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of upasthita

upasthita - present, at hand, imminent, ready, standing near

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of root sthā (to stand) with prefix upa-.

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)