महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-60, verse-1

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
भीष्मे तु संग्रामशिरो विहाय पलायमाने धृतराष्ट्रपुत्रः ।
उच्छ्रित्य केतुं विनदन्महात्मा स्वयं विगृह्यार्जुनमाससाद ॥१॥

1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
bhīṣme tu saṁgrāmaśiro vihāya; palāyamāne dhṛtarāṣṭraputraḥ ,
ucchritya ketuṁ vinadanmahātmā; svayaṁ vigṛhyārjunamāsasāda.

1. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca bhīṣme tu
saṅgrāmaśiraḥ vihāya palāyamāne
dhṛtarāṣṭraputraḥ ucchritya ketum vinadan
mahātmā svayam vigṛhya arjunam āsasāda

1. Vaiśampāyana said: When Bhishma retreated, abandoning the forefront of the battle, Dhṛtarāṣṭra's son (Duryodhana), that great-souled (mahātmā) warrior, himself raised his banner, roaring loudly, and directly confronted Arjuna.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - The sage Vaiśampāyana, narrator of the Mahabharata. (Vaiśampāyana)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• भीष्मे (bhīṣme) - when Bhishma (was acting, locative absolute) (in Bhishma, on Bhishma)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed (but, indeed, however)

• सङ्ग्रामशिरः (saṅgrāmaśiraḥ) - the forefront of the battle (forefront of battle, head of battle)

• विहाय (vihāya) - having abandoned (having abandoned, having left)

• पलायमाने (palāyamāne) - (when Bhishma) was retreating (retreating, fleeing)

• धृतराष्ट्रपुत्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraputraḥ) - Duryodhana (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

• उच्छ्रित्य (ucchritya) - having raised (his banner) (having raised, having lifted up)

• केतुम् (ketum) - his banner (banner, standard, flag)

• विनदन् (vinadan) - roaring loudly (roaring, shouting, making a noise)

• महात्मा (mahātmā) - the great-souled one (Duryodhana) (great-souled, high-minded, noble)

• स्वयम् (svayam) - himself (himself, by oneself)

• विगृह्य (vigṛhya) - having challenged (having challenged, having engaged, having seized)

• अर्जुनम् (arjunam) - Arjuna

• आससाद (āsasāda) - approached (Arjuna) (approached, attacked, obtained)

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - The sage Vaiśampāyana, narrator of the Mahabharata. (Vaiśampāyana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - name of a famous sage, a disciple of Vyāsa

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

3rd person singular, Perfect tense, active voice, from root 'vac' (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

भीष्मे (bhīṣme) - when Bhishma (was acting, locative absolute) (in Bhishma, on Bhishma)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - terrible, formidable; name of the Kuru patriarch

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction.

तु (tu) - but, indeed (but, indeed, however)

(indeclinable)

सङ्ग्रामशिरः (saṅgrāmaśiraḥ) - the forefront of the battle (forefront of battle, head of battle)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of saṅgrāmaśiras

saṅgrāmaśiras - head of a battle, forefront of a battle

Compound type : tatpurusha (saṅgrāma+śiras)

• saṅgrāma – battle, war, combat
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: sam
• śiras – head, top, forefront
  noun (neuter)

विहाय (vihāya) - having abandoned (having abandoned, having left)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'hā' (to abandon) with prefix 'vi' and suffix '-ya'

Prefix: vi

Root: hā (class 3)

पलायमाने (palāyamāne) - (when Bhishma) was retreating (retreating, fleeing)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of palāyamāṇa

palāyamāṇa - fleeing, retreating, escaping

Present Participle (Ātmanepada)

Derived from root 'palāy' (to flee, run away) in present tense, middle voice. Often derived from 'pra' + 'ā' + 'i' (to go).

Prefix: parā

Root: i (class 2)

धृतराष्ट्रपुत्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraputraḥ) - Duryodhana (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra) (son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭraputra

dhṛtarāṣṭraputra - son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra

Compound type : tatpurusha (dhṛtarāṣṭra+putra)

• dhṛtarāṣṭra – name of the blind king of the Kurus
  proper noun (masculine)
• putra – son
  noun (masculine)

उच्छ्रित्य (ucchritya) - having raised (his banner) (having raised, having lifted up)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'śri' (to resort to, lean on) with prefix 'ud' and suffix '-ya'

Prefix: ud

Root: śri (class 1)

केतुम् (ketum) - his banner (banner, standard, flag)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ketu

ketu - banner, flag, standard, sign

विनदन् (vinadan) - roaring loudly (roaring, shouting, making a noise)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vinadat

vinadat - roaring, shouting, sounding

Present Participle (Parasmaipada)

Derived from root 'nad' (to sound, roar) with prefix 'vi' in present tense, active voice.

Prefix: vi

Root: nad (class 1)

महात्मा (mahātmā) - the great-souled one (Duryodhana) (great-souled, high-minded, noble)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahātman

mahātman - great-souled, noble-minded, exalted; the great Self (ātman)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (mahā+ātman)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence (ātman)
  noun (masculine)

स्वयम् (svayam) - himself (himself, by oneself)

(indeclinable)

विगृह्य (vigṛhya) - having challenged (having challenged, having engaged, having seized)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root 'grah' (to seize, take) with prefix 'vi' and suffix '-ya'

Prefix: vi

Root: grah (class 9)

अर्जुनम् (arjunam) - Arjuna

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of arjuna

arjuna - Arjuna (name of a Pāṇḍava prince), white, bright

आससाद (āsasāda) - approached (Arjuna) (approached, attacked, obtained)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of sad

Perfect Active

3rd person singular, Perfect tense, active voice, from root 'sad' (to sit, approach) with prefix 'ā'

Prefix: ā

Root: sad (class 1)