महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-15, chapter-5, verse-13

हतं पुत्रशतं शूरं संग्रामेष्वपलायिनम् ।
नानुतप्यामि तच्चाहं क्षत्रधर्मं हि तं विदुः ।
इत्युक्त्वा धर्मराजानमभ्यभाषत कौरवः ॥१३॥

13. hataṁ putraśataṁ śūraṁ saṁgrāmeṣvapalāyinam ,
nānutapyāmi taccāhaṁ kṣatradharmaṁ hi taṁ viduḥ ,
ityuktvā dharmarājānamabhyabhāṣata kauravaḥ.

13. hatam putraśatam śūram saṃgrāmeṣu
apalāyinam na anutapyāmi tat ca aham
kṣatradharmam hi tam viduḥ iti uktvā
dharmarājānam abhyabhāṣata kauravaḥ

13. aham tat śūram saṃgrāmeṣu apalāyinam
hatam putraśatam ca na anutapyāmi
hi tam kṣatradharmam viduḥ iti uktvā
kauravaḥ dharmarājānam abhyabhāṣata

13. I do not regret that a hundred heroic sons, who never fled in battles, were slain; for people consider that to be the intrinsic nature (dharma) of a warrior (kṣatriya). Having spoken thus, the Kaurava (Dhritarashtra) addressed Yudhishthira, the king who embodies righteousness (dharma).

Words meanings summery:

• हतम् (hatam) - slain in battle (slain, killed, destroyed)

• पुत्रशतम् (putraśatam) - the (Dhritarashtra's) hundred sons (a hundred sons)

• शूरम् (śūram) - brave (referring to the sons) (heroic, brave, valorous)

• संग्रामेषु (saṁgrāmeṣu) - on the battlefields (in battles, in conflicts)

• अपलायिनम् (apalāyinam) - those who did not flee (from battles) (not fleeing, non-fleeing)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अनुतप्यामि (anutapyāmi) - I grieve (for them) (I regret, I grieve)

• तत् (tat) - that (fact, i.e., their being slain) (that, therefore)

• च (ca) - and

• अहम् (aham) - I (Dhritarashtra) (I)

• क्षत्रधर्मम् (kṣatradharmam) - the intrinsic nature (dharma) or duty of a warrior (kṣatriya) (the (dharma) of a kṣatriya, warrior's duty)

• हि (hi) - for, indeed (for, indeed, because)

• तम् (tam) - that (event of dying heroically) (that)

• विदुः (viduḥ) - people know (it) (they know)

• इति (iti) - having said 'thus' (thus, so, this)

• उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having spoken (these words) (having said, having spoken)

• धर्मराजानम् (dharmarājānam) - to Yudhishthira, the king who embodies righteousness (dharma) (to the king of righteousness)

• अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - he addressed (Yudhishthira) (he spoke to, he addressed)

• कौरवः (kauravaḥ) - Dhritarashtra, the Kaurava (a descendant of Kuru, Kaurava)

Words meanings and morphology

हतम् (hatam) - slain in battle (slain, killed, destroyed)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of hata

hata - slain, killed, struck

Past Passive Participle

From root 'han' (to strike, kill)

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Qualifies `putraśatam`.

पुत्रशतम् (putraśatam) - the (Dhritarashtra's) hundred sons (a hundred sons)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of putraśata

putraśata - a hundred sons

Compound word: Putra (son) + Śata (hundred)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (putra+śata)

• putra – son
  noun (masculine)
• śata – hundred
  noun (neuter)

Note: Acts as the direct object of `anutapyāmi` (with `na`).

शूरम् (śūram) - brave (referring to the sons) (heroic, brave, valorous)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śūra

śūra - heroic, brave, warrior

Note: Qualifies `putraśatam`.

संग्रामेषु (saṁgrāmeṣu) - on the battlefields (in battles, in conflicts)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of saṃgrāma

saṁgrāma - battle, war, conflict

Derived from root 'gram' with upasarga 'sam'.

Prefix: sam

Root: gram (class 1)

अपलायिनम् (apalāyinam) - those who did not flee (from battles) (not fleeing, non-fleeing)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of apalāyin

apalāyin - not fleeing, steadfast

Adjective from negation 'a' + 'palāyin' (fleeing)

From root 'lā' with upasarga 'palā' and suffix '-in', negated by 'a'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+palāyin)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negation particle
• palāyin – fleeing, running away
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/adjective
  From root 'lā' with prefix 'palā' and agent suffix '-in'
  Prefix: palā
  Root: lā

Note: Qualifies `putraśatam`.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negation particle

अनुतप्यामि (anutapyāmi) - I grieve (for them) (I regret, I grieve)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of anutap

Present Active

From root 'tap' (to heat, suffer) with upasarga 'anu' (after, back).

Prefix: anu

Root: tap (class 1)

तत् (tat) - that (fact, i.e., their being slain) (that, therefore)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this

Note: Refers to the event of the sons being slain.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अहम् (aham) - I (Dhritarashtra) (I)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

First person pronoun.

Note: Refers to the speaker, Dhritarashtra.

क्षत्रधर्मम् (kṣatradharmam) - the intrinsic nature (dharma) or duty of a warrior (kṣatriya) (the (dharma) of a kṣatriya, warrior's duty)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṣatradharma

kṣatradharma - the (dharma) of a kṣatriya, warrior's duty, warrior's natural law

Compound word: Kṣatra (warrior class) + Dharma (duty/natural law)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṣatra+dharma)

• kṣatra – warrior, member of the kṣatriya class, royalty
  noun (neuter)
• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'dhṛ' (to uphold, sustain)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Direct object of `viduḥ`.

हि (hi) - for, indeed (for, indeed, because)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic or causal particle.

तम् (tam) - that (event of dying heroically) (that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, this

Masculine accusative singular form of 'tad'.

विदुः (viduḥ) - people know (it) (they know)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Active

3rd plural, 'vetti' class (special aḍ-class, 2nd conjugation, 'adaadi'). Irregular form.

Root: vid (class 2)

इति (iti) - having said 'thus' (thus, so, this)

(indeclinable)

Particle introducing or closing a quote or thought.

उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having spoken (these words) (having said, having spoken)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

From root 'vac' (to speak) with suffix '-ktvā'. Irregular participle form of 'vac'.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Denotes an action completed before the main verb.

धर्मराजानम् (dharmarājānam) - to Yudhishthira, the king who embodies righteousness (dharma) (to the king of righteousness)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharmarājan

dharmarājan - king of righteousness, king of (dharma)

Compound word: Dharma (righteousness) + Rājan (king)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+rājan)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'dhṛ' (to uphold, sustain)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Direct object of `abhyabhāṣata`.

अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - he addressed (Yudhishthira) (he spoke to, he addressed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (luṅ) of abhibhāṣ

Imperfect Middle

From root 'bhāṣ' (to speak) with upasarga 'abhi' (towards). 3rd singular middle.

Prefix: abhi

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)

Note: The initial 'a' is the augment for past tense.

कौरवः (kauravaḥ) - Dhritarashtra, the Kaurava (a descendant of Kuru, Kaurava)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaurava

kaurava - descendant of Kuru, a Kaurava

Derived from 'Kuru' (a dynasty, ancestor) with suffix '-a' indicating lineage.

Note: Subject of `abhyabhāṣata`.