महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-77, verse-4

भीष्म उवाच ।
तस्मै प्रोवाच वचनं प्रणताय हितं तदा ।
गवामुपनिषद्विद्वान्नमस्कृत्य गवां शुचिः ॥४॥

4. bhīṣma uvāca ,
tasmai provāca vacanaṁ praṇatāya hitaṁ tadā ,
gavāmupaniṣadvidvānnamaskṛtya gavāṁ śuciḥ.

4. bhīṣma uvāca | tasmai provāca vacanam praṇatāya hitam
tadā | gavām upaniṣad vidvān namaskṛtya gavām śuciḥ

4. Bhishma said: Then, the pure and learned one, who knew the esoteric teachings (upaniṣad) of cows, first offered his salutations, and then spoke beneficial words to the one who had bowed.

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma (a character in the Mahabharata)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• तस्मै (tasmai) - to him

• प्रोवाच (provāca) - he spoke, he said

• वचनम् (vacanam) - word, speech, counsel

• प्रणताय (praṇatāya) - to the bowing one, to the humble one

• हितम् (hitam) - beneficial, salutary, good

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• गवाम् (gavām) - of cows

• उपनिषद् (upaniṣad) - esoteric teaching, secret doctrine, essential knowledge

• विद्वान् (vidvān) - learned, knowing one, expert

• नमस्कृत्य (namaskṛtya) - having saluted, after bowing

• गवाम् (gavām) - of cows

• शुचिः (śuciḥ) - pure, holy, clean

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्म (bhīṣma) - Bhishma (a character in the Mahabharata)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (proper name)

Note: Subject of uvāca.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

From root √vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb.

तस्मै (tasmai) - to him

(pronoun)

Dative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Recipient of the speech.

प्रोवाच (provāca) - he spoke, he said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of pravac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

From root √vac (to speak) with upasarga pra.

Prefix: pra

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb.

वचनम् (vacanam) - word, speech, counsel

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vacana

vacana - speech, word, saying, counsel

From root √vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Object of provāca.

प्रणताय (praṇatāya) - to the bowing one, to the humble one

(adjective)

Dative, masculine, singular of praṇata

praṇata - bowed down, humble, saluting

Past Passive Participle

From root √nam (to bow) with upasarga pra.

Prefix: pra

Root: nam (class 1)

Note: Modifies the implied subject, referring to Saudas.

हितम् (hitam) - beneficial, salutary, good

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of hita

hita - beneficial, good, salutary, well-disposed

Past Passive Participle

From root √dhā (to place, do, hold) with 'i' as stem vowel in some forms.

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Modifies vacanam.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

Adverb formed from tad.

गवाम् (gavām) - of cows

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of go

go - cow, ox, cattle, earth, ray of light

Note: Possessive, relating to upaniṣat.

उपनिषद् (upaniṣad) - esoteric teaching, secret doctrine, essential knowledge

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of upaniṣad

upaniṣad - a session, secret doctrine, esoteric teaching, fundamental principle, essential truth (upaniṣad)

From upasarga upa + ni + root √sad (to sit down). Literally 'sitting down near' a teacher.

Prefixes: upa+ni

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Part of compound with vidvān.

विद्वान् (vidvān) - learned, knowing one, expert

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vidvas

vidvas - knowing, learned, wise, a wise man

Perfect Active Participle

From root √vid (to know).

Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Subject of provāca. Forms a compound with upaniṣad.

नमस्कृत्य (namaskṛtya) - having saluted, after bowing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

From namaḥ (obeisance) + √kṛ (to do) with lyap suffix.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Describes an action preceding the main verb.

गवाम् (gavām) - of cows

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of go

go - cow, ox, cattle, earth, ray of light

Note: Possessive, relating to 'gavām upaniṣad'.

शुचिः (śuciḥ) - pure, holy, clean

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śuci

śuci - pure, bright, clean, holy

Root: śuc (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for the implied subject (the learned one).

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