महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-84, verse-4

ययातिरुवाच ।
प्रतिकूलं कर्मणां पापमाहुस्तद्वर्ततेऽप्रवणे पापलोक्यम् ।
सन्तोऽसतां नानुवर्तन्ति चैतद्यथा आत्मैषामनुकूलवादी ॥४॥

4. yayātiruvāca ,
pratikūlaṁ karmaṇāṁ pāpamāhu;stadvartate'pravaṇe pāpalokyam ,
santo'satāṁ nānuvartanti caita;dyathā ātmaiṣāmanukūlavādī.

4. yayātiḥ uvāca | pratikūlam karmaṇām
pāpam āhuḥ tad vartate apravaṇe
pāpalokyam | santaḥ asatām na anuvartanti
ca etat yathā ātma eṣām anukūlavādī

4. Yayati said: "They declare that which is contrary to dharma (righteous actions) to be sin. This leads to a sinful realm, a downward path. The virtuous do not follow such a path of the wicked, for their own self (conscience) speaks favorably to them."

4. יַיַטִי אמר: אומרים שהחטא הוא מה שעומד בניגוד לפעולות הראויות, והוא מוביל במדרון אל עולמות החוטאים. האנשים הטובים אינם הולכים בדרך הרשעים בכך, כי העצמי של הרשעים מדבר אליהם רק מה שנוח להם.

Words meanings summery:

• ययातिः (yayātiḥ) - King Yayati (Yayati)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• प्रतिकूलम् (pratikūlam) - that which is contrary (adverse, contrary, unfavorable)

• कर्मणाम् (karmaṇām) - to dharma (righteous actions) (of actions, of deeds, of dharma)

• पापम् (pāpam) - sin (sin, evil, wickedness)

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they declare (they say, they declare)

• तद् (tad) - that (sinful path) (that)

• वर्तते (vartate) - that leads (it exists, it proceeds, it leads)

• अप्रवणे (apravaṇe) - a downward path (on a downward path, in an unfavorable place/state)

• पापलोक्यम् (pāpalokyam) - to a sinful realm (leading to a sinful world)

• सन्तः (santaḥ) - the virtuous (virtuous, good people)

• असताम् (asatām) - of the wicked (of the wicked, of the bad, of the non-existent)

• न (na) - not

• अनुवर्तन्ति (anuvartanti) - do not follow (they follow, they conform)

• च (ca) - and

• एतत् (etat) - this (path) (this)

• यथा (yathā) - for, as (as, just as, in which way)

• आत्म (ātma) - their own self (conscience) (self, soul, spirit, conscience)

• एषाम् (eṣām) - their (of these, their)

• अनुकूलवादी (anukūlavādī) - speaks favorably (speaking favorably, agreeable)

Words meanings and morphology

ययातिः (yayātiḥ) - King Yayati (Yayati)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yayāti

yayāti - Name of a famous king

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect active

3rd person singular, Perfect tense, Parasmaipada

Root: vac (class 2)

प्रतिकूलम् (pratikūlam) - that which is contrary (adverse, contrary, unfavorable)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pratikūla

pratikūla - adverse, contrary, unfavorable, opposite

Prefix: prati

Root: kūla

Note: Can also be accusative singular neuter, serving as object to 'āhuḥ'.

कर्मणाम् (karmaṇām) - to dharma (righteous actions) (of actions, of deeds, of dharma)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, plural of karman

karman - action, deed, work, ritual, dharma

पापम् (pāpam) - sin (sin, evil, wickedness)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pāpa

pāpa - sin, evil, wickedness, vice

Note: Can also be nominative singular neuter, understood as 'is sin'.

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they declare (they say, they declare)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (lit) of ah

Perfect active

3rd person plural, Perfect tense, Parasmaipada (defective verb with present meaning)

Root: ah (class 2)

तद् (tad) - that (sinful path) (that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

वर्तते (vartate) - that leads (it exists, it proceeds, it leads)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of vṛt

Present middle

3rd person singular, Present tense, Ātmanepada

Root: vṛt (class 1)

अप्रवणे (apravaṇe) - a downward path (on a downward path, in an unfavorable place/state)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of apravaṇa

apravaṇa - uninclined, unfavorable, low, downward path

Negated 'pravaṇa' (inclined, favorable)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+pravaṇa)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• pravaṇa – inclined, bent, favorable, prone to
  adjective (neuter)
  Prefix: pra
  Root: vī (class 1)

पापलोक्यम् (pāpalokyam) - to a sinful realm (leading to a sinful world)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of pāpalokya

pāpalokya - leading to a sinful world, relating to a sinful realm

Compound type : tatpurusha (pāpa+loka)

• pāpa – sin, evil
  noun (neuter)
• loka – world, realm
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies the 'tad' (that).

सन्तः (santaḥ) - the virtuous (virtuous, good people)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sat

sat - being, existing, good, virtuous, wise

Present Active Participle

from root as (to be), nominative plural masculine

Root: as (class 2)

असताम् (asatām) - of the wicked (of the wicked, of the bad, of the non-existent)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of asat

asat - non-existent, unreal, bad, wicked

Present Active Participle (negated)

from a (not) + as (to be), genitive plural masculine

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+sat)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• sat – being, good, virtuous
  adjective (masculine)
  Present Active Participle
  from root as (to be)
  Root: as (class 2)

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

अनुवर्तन्ति (anuvartanti) - do not follow (they follow, they conform)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of anuvṛt

Present active

3rd person plural, Present tense, Parasmaipada (with prefix anu)

Prefix: anu

Root: vṛt (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

एतत् (etat) - this (path) (this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, that

यथा (yathā) - for, as (as, just as, in which way)

(indeclinable)

आत्म (ātma) - their own self (conscience) (self, soul, spirit, conscience)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - self, soul, spirit, individual soul, universal spirit, mind, essence

एषाम् (eṣām) - their (of these, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of idam

idam - this, these

अनुकूलवादी (anukūlavādī) - speaks favorably (speaking favorably, agreeable)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of anukūlavādin

anukūlavādin - speaking favorably, agreeable, propitious

Compound 'anukūla' (favorable) + 'vādin' (speaking)

Compound type : tatpurusha (anukūla+vādin)

• anukūla – favorable, agreeable, propitious
  adjective
  Prefix: anu
  Root: kūla
• vādin – speaking, telling, proclaiming, one who speaks
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun from root vad (to speak)
  Root: vad (class 1)

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