महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-159, verse-1

अर्जुन उवाच ।
कारणं ब्रूहि गन्धर्व किं तद्येन स्म धर्षिताः ।
यान्तो ब्रह्मविदः सन्तः सर्वे रात्रावरिंदम ॥१॥

1. arjuna uvāca ,
kāraṇaṁ brūhi gandharva kiṁ tadyena sma dharṣitāḥ ,
yānto brahmavidaḥ santaḥ sarve rātrāvariṁdama.

1. arjunaḥ uvāca | kāraṇam brūhi gandharva kim tat yena sma
dharṣitāḥ | yāntaḥ brahmavidaḥ santaḥ sarve rātrau arimdam

1. Arjuna said, "O Gandharva, O subduer of enemies (arimdam), tell me the reason why all of us, virtuous ones and knowers of Brahman (brahman), were humiliated in this way while traveling at night."

Words meanings summery:

• अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - Arjuna

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• कारणम् (kāraṇam) - reason, cause

• ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell, speak

• गन्धर्व (gandharva) - O Gandharva

• किम् (kim) - what, which

• तत् (tat) - that

• येन (yena) - by which, by whom

• स्म (sma) - particle indicating past action or emphasis

• धर्षिताः (dharṣitāḥ) - humiliated, assaulted, molested

• यान्तः (yāntaḥ) - going, traveling, moving

• ब्रह्मविदः (brahmavidaḥ) - knowers of Brahman

• सन्तः (santaḥ) - being, virtuous, good

• सर्वे (sarve) - all, every

• रात्रौ (rātrau) - at night

• अरिम्दम् (arimdam) - O subduer of enemies

Words meanings and morphology

अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - Arjuna

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of arjuna

arjuna - Arjuna (one of the Pāṇḍavas)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect (lit)

3rd person singular, active voice

Root: vac (class 2)

कारणम् (kāraṇam) - reason, cause

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kāraṇa

kāraṇa - cause, reason, motive

Root: kṛ (class 8)

ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell, speak

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (lot) of brū

Imperative (lot)

2nd person singular, active voice

Root: brū (class 2)

गन्धर्व (gandharva) - O Gandharva

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of gandharva

gandharva - Gandharva (a class of celestial beings, musicians)

किम् (kim) - what, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kim

kim - what, which (interrogative pronoun)

तत् (tat) - that

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that (demonstrative pronoun)

येन (yena) - by which, by whom

(pronoun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what (relative pronoun)

स्म (sma) - particle indicating past action or emphasis

(indeclinable)

धर्षिताः (dharṣitāḥ) - humiliated, assaulted, molested

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dharṣita

dharṣita - humiliated, assaulted, molested, violated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root dhṛṣ with suffix -ta

Root: dhṛṣ (class 1)

यान्तः (yāntaḥ) - going, traveling, moving

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yāt

yāt - going, traveling (present active participle)

Present Active Participle

Derived from root yā

Root: yā (class 2)

ब्रह्मविदः (brahmavidaḥ) - knowers of Brahman

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of brahmavid

brahmavid - knower of Brahman (brahman)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (brahman+vid)

• brahman – the Absolute reality, the ultimate principle
  noun (neuter)
• vid – knower, learned
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root vid 'to know'
  Root: vid (class 2)

सन्तः (santaḥ) - being, virtuous, good

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sant

sant - being, existing, good, virtuous, noble (present active participle of as)

Present Active Participle

Derived from root as

Root: as (class 2)

सर्वे (sarve) - all, every

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

रात्रौ (rātrau) - at night

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of rātri

rātri - night

अरिम्दम् (arimdam) - O subduer of enemies

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of arimdama

arimdama - subduer of enemies, destroyer of foes

Compound type : upapada tatpuruṣa (ari+dam)

• ari – enemy, foe, rival
  noun (masculine)
• dam – subduer, controller (derived from root dam 'to subdue')
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root dam
  Root: dam (class 4)