वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-60, verse-19

यो हि विक्लवया बुद्ध्या प्रसरं शत्रवे ददौ ।
स हतो मन्दबुद्धित्वाद् यथा कापुरुषस्तथा ॥१९॥

19. yo hi viklavayā buddhyā prasaraṃ śatrave dadau ,
sa hato mandabuddhitvād yathā kāpuruṣastathā.

19. yaḥ hi viklavayā buddhyā prasaram śatrave dadau
sa hataḥ mandabuddhitvāt yathā kāpuruṣaḥ tathā

19. hi yaḥ viklavayā buddhyā śatrave prasaram dadau
sa mandabuddhitvāt hataḥ yathā kāpuruṣaḥ tathā

19. Indeed, he who gives an opportunity to the enemy through a confused intellect is ruined due to his foolishness, just like a coward.

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - he who (who, which)

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

• विक्लवया (viklavayā) - by a confused, by an agitated

• बुद्ध्या (buddhyā) - by intellect, by understanding

• प्रसरम् (prasaram) - opportunity, scope, advantage

• शत्रवे (śatrave) - to the enemy

• ददौ (dadau) - gave

• स (sa) - he, that

• हतः (hataḥ) - killed, destroyed, ruined

• मन्दबुद्धित्वात् (mandabuddhitvāt) - because of foolishness, due to dullness of intellect

• यथा (yathā) - as, just as

• कापुरुषः (kāpuruṣaḥ) - a coward, a base man

• तथा (tathā) - so, thus, in that manner

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - he who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, what

Note: Relative pronoun, subject of the clause.

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

(indeclinable)

Enclitic particle.

विक्लवया (viklavayā) - by a confused, by an agitated

(adjective)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of viklava

viklava - confused, agitated, bewildered

Derived from prefix 'vi-' and root 'klav' (to be agitated).

Prefix: vi

Root: klav

Note: Modifies 'buddhyā'.

बुद्ध्या (buddhyā) - by intellect, by understanding

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of buddhi

buddhi - intellect, understanding, mind

Derived from root 'budh' (to awaken, know).

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Indicates the means or instrument.

प्रसरम् (prasaram) - opportunity, scope, advantage

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of prasara

prasara - extension, scope, opportunity, advance

Derived from prefix 'pra-' and root 'sṛ' (to flow, extend).

Prefix: pra

Root: sṛ (class 1)

Note: Direct object of 'dadau'.

शत्रवे (śatrave) - to the enemy

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe

Note: Indirect object of 'dadau'.

ददौ (dadau) - gave

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of dā

perfect active

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice of the root 'dā' (class 3).

Root: dā (class 3)

Note: Main verb of the relative clause.

स (sa) - he, that

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, it

Nominative singular masculine of 'tad'.

Note: Correlative pronoun to 'yaḥ'.

हतः (hataḥ) - killed, destroyed, ruined

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of hata

hata - killed, struck, destroyed, ruined

past passive participle

Past passive participle of the root 'han' (to strike, kill).

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Functions as a predicate adjective with an implied copula ('is').

मन्दबुद्धित्वात् (mandabuddhitvāt) - because of foolishness, due to dullness of intellect

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of mandabuddhitva

mandabuddhitva - foolishness, dullness of intellect

Compound of 'manda' (dull) + 'buddhi' (intellect) + suffix '-tva' (abstract noun).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (manda+buddhi+tva)

• manda – dull, slow, foolish
  adjective (masculine)
• buddhi – intellect, understanding
  noun (feminine)
  Derived from root 'budh' (to awaken, know).
  Root: budh (class 1)
• tva – state of being, -ness
  suffix (neuter)
  Suffix forming abstract nouns.

Note: Indicates the cause.

यथा (yathā) - as, just as

(indeclinable)

Correlative adverb.

Note: Introduces a comparison.

कापुरुषः (kāpuruṣaḥ) - a coward, a base man

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kāpuruṣa

kāpuruṣa - a bad man, a coward

Compound of 'kā' (bad, contemptible) and 'puruṣa' (man).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (kā+puruṣa)

• kā – bad, vile, contemptible
  adjective
  Prefix or indeclinable used to denote badness.
• puruṣa – man, person, male
  noun (masculine)

Note: The object of comparison.

तथा (tathā) - so, thus, in that manner

(indeclinable)

Correlative adverb to 'yathā'.