वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-33, verse-8

यस्तु राजा स्थितो ऽधर्मे मित्राणामुपकारिणाम् ।
मिथ्याप्रतिज्ञां कुरुते को नृशंसतरस्ततः ॥८॥

8. yastu rājā sthito'dharme mitrāṇāmupakāriṇām ,
mithyāpratijñāṃ kurute ko nṛśaṃsatarastataḥ.

8. yaḥ tu rājā sthitaḥ a-dharme mitrāṇām upakāriṇām
mithyā-pratijñām kurute kaḥ nṛśaṃsataraḥ tataḥ

8. tu yaḥ rājā adharme sthitaḥ,
upakāriṇām mitrāṇām mithyāpratijñām kurute,
tataḥ kaḥ nṛśaṃsataraḥ?

8. But a king who abides in unrighteousness (adharma) and makes false promises to his helpful friends—who is more cruel than such a one?

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• तु (tu) - but (but, on the other hand, indeed)

• राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

• स्थितः (sthitaḥ) - abiding (in a state) (standing, situated, abiding, firm)

• अ-धर्मे (a-dharme) - in unrighteousness (adharma) (in unrighteousness, in injustice, in that which is not natural law)

• मित्राणाम् (mitrāṇām) - of friends

• उपकारिणाम् (upakāriṇām) - of helpful (friends) (of benefactors, of helpful ones, of those who do good)

• मिथ्या-प्रतिज्ञाम् (mithyā-pratijñām) - false promise (false promise, deceitful vow)

• कुरुते (kurute) - he makes (a promise) (he makes, he does, he performs)

• कः (kaḥ) - who (who, what)

• नृशंसतरः (nṛśaṁsataraḥ) - more cruel (more cruel, more brutal, more wicked)

• ततः (tataḥ) - than him (referring to such a king) (from that, then, therefore, than that)

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what, whichever

Relative pronoun.

तु (tu) - but (but, on the other hand, indeed)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic or adversative particle.

राजा (rājā) - king (king, ruler)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root rāj (to shine, rule).

Root: rāj (class 1)

स्थितः (sthitaḥ) - abiding (in a state) (standing, situated, abiding, firm)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sthita

sthita - standing, situated, being, abiding, firm

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root sthā (to stand).

Root: sthā (class 1)

अ-धर्मे (a-dharme) - in unrighteousness (adharma) (in unrighteousness, in injustice, in that which is not natural law)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, injustice, wrong conduct, moral evil, that which is contrary to natural law (dharma)

Formed with negative prefix a- and dharma.

Compound type : navi-tatpuruṣa (a+dharma)

• a – not, un-, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• dharma – constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root dhṛ (to uphold, support).
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Indicates the state or condition.

मित्राणाम् (mitrāṇām) - of friends

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of mitra

mitra - friend, companion, ally

From root mid (to be kind).

Root: mid (class 4)

Note: Possessive, referring to the friends to whom promises are made.

उपकारिणाम् (upakāriṇām) - of helpful (friends) (of benefactors, of helpful ones, of those who do good)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of upakārin

upakārin - benefactor, helpful, doing good, obliging

Present active participle / Agent Noun

Derived from upa-kṛ (to do good, help) with in suffix.

Prefix: upa

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Functions as an adjective describing mitrāṇām.

मिथ्या-प्रतिज्ञाम् (mithyā-pratijñām) - false promise (false promise, deceitful vow)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of mithyāpratijñā

mithyāpratijñā - false promise, deceitful vow, breaking a promise

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mithyā+pratijñā)

• mithyā – falsely, wrongly, in vain
  indeclinable
  Root: mith (class 1)
• pratijñā – promise, vow, agreement
  noun (feminine)
  Derived from jñā (to know) with prati-.
  Prefix: prati
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Object of kurute.

कुरुते (kurute) - he makes (a promise) (he makes, he does, he performs)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of kṛ

Present middle (ātmanepada).

Root kṛ (class 8).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Verb for rājā.

कः (kaḥ) - who (who, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Interrogative pronoun.

नृशंसतरः (nṛśaṁsataraḥ) - more cruel (more cruel, more brutal, more wicked)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nṛśaṃsatara

nṛśaṁsatara - more cruel, more wicked, more brutal

Comparative degree of nṛśaṃsa (cruel) with tarap suffix.

Note: Predicate adjective for kaḥ.

ततः (tataḥ) - than him (referring to such a king) (from that, then, therefore, than that)

(indeclinable)

Ablative adverb formed from tad (that).