महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-189, verse-1

दुर्योधन उवाच ।
कथं शिखण्डी गाङ्गेय कन्या भूत्वा सती तदा ।
पुरुषोऽभवद्युधि श्रेष्ठ तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥१॥

1. duryodhana uvāca ,
kathaṁ śikhaṇḍī gāṅgeya kanyā bhūtvā satī tadā ,
puruṣo'bhavadyudhi śreṣṭha tanme brūhi pitāmaha.

1. duryodhana uvāca | katham śikhaṇḍī gāṅgeya kanyā bhūtvā satī
tadā | puruṣaḥ abhavat yudhi śreṣṭha tat me brūhi pitāmaha

1. gāṅgeya śreṣṭha pitāmaha,
śikhaṇḍī tadā kanyā satī bhūtvā katham yudhi puruṣaḥ abhavat,
tat me brūhi.

1. Duryodhana said: O son of Ganga (Bhishma), O best of men, O grandfather, tell me how Shikhandi, having been a girl then, became a man (puruṣa) in battle.

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्योधन (duryodhana) - Duryodhana

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• कथम् (katham) - how, why

• शिखण्डी (śikhaṇḍī) - Shikhandi

• गाङ्गेय (gāṅgeya) - Addressing Bhishma (O son of Ganga)

• कन्या (kanyā) - girl, maiden, daughter

• भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having been, having become

• सती (satī) - being (a girl) (being, existing)

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - man, male, person (puruṣa)

• अभवत् (abhavat) - became, was

• युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in fight

• श्रेष्ठ (śreṣṭha) - Addressing Bhishma (O best, O most excellent)

• तत् (tat) - that (story/fact) (that, therefore)

• मे (me) - to me (to me, for me, my)

• ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell, say

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - Addressing Bhishma (O grandfather)

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्योधन (duryodhana) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: From root √vac (to speak).

कथम् (katham) - how, why

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

शिखण्डी (śikhaṇḍī) - Shikhandi

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śikhaṇḍin

śikhaṇḍin - Shikhandi (name of a warrior)

गाङ्गेय (gāṅgeya) - Addressing Bhishma (O son of Ganga)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of gāṅgeya

gāṅgeya - son of Ganga

Derived from Gangā + ḍhak

Note: Refers to Bhishma.

कन्या (kanyā) - girl, maiden, daughter

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kanyā

kanyā - girl, maiden, daughter

भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having been, having become

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

From root √bhū + ktvā

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Absolutive form.

सती (satī) - being (a girl) (being, existing)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good, virtuous

present active participle

From root √as (to be) + śatṛ

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Feminine nominative singular of present active participle of √as 'to be'.

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb of time.

पुरुषः (puruṣaḥ) - man, male, person (puruṣa)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, male, person, spirit (puruṣa)

Note: Contains the specific term puruṣa.

अभवत् (abhavat) - became, was

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: From root √bhū (to be, to become).

युधि (yudhi) - in battle, in fight

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of yudh

yudh - battle, fight, war

Note: Locative case of yudh.

श्रेष्ठ (śreṣṭha) - Addressing Bhishma (O best, O most excellent)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of śreṣṭha

śreṣṭha - best, most excellent, superior

Superlative of praśasya

Note: Used as an address.

तत् (tat) - that (story/fact) (that, therefore)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it

Note: Accusative singular neuter of tad.

मे (me) - to me (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Enclitic form of the first person pronoun.

ब्रूहि (brūhi) - tell, say

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of brū

Root: brū (class 2)

Note: From root √brū (to speak).

पितामह (pitāmaha) - Addressing Bhishma (O grandfather)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - grandfather (father's father)

Note: Used as an address to Bhishma.