महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-32, verse-11

कथं नु मम कौरव्यो रत्नदानैः समाप्नुयात् ।
यज्ञमित्येव राजानः स्पर्धमाना ददुर्धनम् ॥११॥

11. kathaṁ nu mama kauravyo ratnadānaiḥ samāpnuyāt ,
yajñamityeva rājānaḥ spardhamānā dadurdhanam.

11. katham nu mama kauravyaḥ ratnadānaiḥ samāpnuyāt
yajñam iti eva rājānaḥ spardhamānāḥ daduḥ dhanam

11. "How indeed could this Kaurava [Duryodhana] ever equal my (yajña) with his gifts of jewels?" – with such a thought, and competing with each other, the kings gave wealth (for the great Vedic ritual (yajña)).

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how?

• नु (nu) - indeed, an emphatic particle

• मम (mama) - my, mine

• कौरव्यः (kauravyaḥ) - Duryodhana (the Kaurava)

• रत्नदानैः (ratnadānaiḥ) - by gifts of jewels

• समाप्नुयात् (samāpnuyāt) - might attain, could obtain, would equal

• यज्ञम् (yajñam) - the sacrifice

• इति (iti) - thus, thinking, so

• एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

• राजानः (rājānaḥ) - kings

• स्पर्धमानाः (spardhamānāḥ) - competing, vying

• ददुः (daduḥ) - they gave

• धनम् (dhanam) - wealth, riches

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how?

(indeclinable)

नु (nu) - indeed, an emphatic particle

(indeclinable)

मम (mama) - my, mine

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me, my, mine (first person pronoun)

कौरव्यः (kauravyaḥ) - Duryodhana (the Kaurava)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kauravya

kauravya - descendant of Kuru, a Kaurava

Derived from Kuru with suffix -vyā

रत्नदानैः (ratnadānaiḥ) - by gifts of jewels

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of ratnadāna

ratnadāna - gift of jewels

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratna+dāna)

• ratna – jewel, gem
  noun (neuter)
• dāna – gift, giving, liberality
  noun (neuter)
  Root: dā (class 1)

समाप्नुयात् (samāpnuyāt) - might attain, could obtain, would equal

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of āp

Prefix: sam

Root: āp (class 5)

यज्ञम् (yajñam) - the sacrifice

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yajña

yajña - sacrifice, ritual, worship

Root: yaj (class 1)

इति (iti) - thus, thinking, so

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed, only, just

(indeclinable)

राजानः (rājānaḥ) - kings

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj (class 1)

स्पर्धमानाः (spardhamānāḥ) - competing, vying

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of spardhamāna

spardhamāna - competing, vying, emulating

Present Active Participle (ātmanepada)

Present participle of the root spardh (class 1, ātmanepada)

Root: spardh (class 1)

Note: Participle functions as an adjective here

ददुः (daduḥ) - they gave

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of dā

Root: dā (class 3)

धनम् (dhanam) - wealth, riches

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of dhana

dhana - wealth, riches, property, money

Root: dhā (class 3)