वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-54, verse-4

कथं स धर्मं जानीते येन भ्रात्रा दुरात्मना ।
युद्धायाभिनियुक्तेन बिलस्य पिहितं मुखम् ॥४॥

4. kathaṃ sa dharmaṃ jānīte yena bhrātrā durātmanā ,
yuddhāyābhiniyuktena bilasya pihitaṃ mukham.

4. kathaṃ saḥ dharmam jānīte yena bhrātrā durātmanā
yuddhāya abhiniyuktena bilasya pihitam mukham

4. How can he (Sugrīva) know (dharma), that wicked-minded one, by whom, when his brother was engaged in battle, the mouth of the cave was closed?

Words meanings summery:

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how, why

• सः (saḥ) - he (Sugrīva) (he, that)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - (dharma), righteousness, duty

• जानीते (jānīte) - knows, understands

• येन (yena) - by whom (Sugrīva) (by whom, by which)

• भ्रात्रा (bhrātrā) - by his brother (Vālin) (by the brother)

• दुरात्मना (durātmanā) - by the wicked-minded (Sugrīva) (by the wicked-minded, by the evil-natured)

• युद्धाय (yuddhāya) - for battle, for war

• अभिनियुक्तेन (abhiniyuktena) - when his brother was engaged (in battle) (having been engaged, appointed, directed)

• बिलस्य (bilasya) - of the cave, of the hole

• पिहितम् (pihitam) - closed, covered, hidden

• मुखम् (mukham) - the entrance of the cave (mouth, face, entrance)

Words meanings and morphology

कथं (kathaṁ) - how, why

(indeclinable)

सः (saḥ) - he (Sugrīva) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

धर्मम् (dharmam) - (dharma), righteousness, duty

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - (dharma), natural law, intrinsic nature, constitution, righteousness, duty

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

जानीते (jānīte) - knows, understands

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of jñā

Present Middle

3rd person singular present middle voice

Root: jñā (class 9)

येन (yena) - by whom (Sugrīva) (by whom, by which)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

भ्रात्रा (bhrātrā) - by his brother (Vālin) (by the brother)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

दुरात्मना (durātmanā) - by the wicked-minded (Sugrīva) (by the wicked-minded, by the evil-natured)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of durātman

durātman - wicked-minded, evil-natured, malicious

Compound of dur (bad) and ātman (self)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dus+ātman)

• dus – bad, difficult, ill
  indeclinable
  Prefix/indeclinable indicating difficulty or badness
• ātman – (ātman), self, soul, essence, individual soul
  noun (masculine)
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'yena' (Sugrīva)

युद्धाय (yuddhāya) - for battle, for war

(noun)

Dative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, war, fight

Past Passive Participle of yudh, used as a noun

Root: yudh (class 4)

अभिनियुक्तेन (abhiniyuktena) - when his brother was engaged (in battle) (having been engaged, appointed, directed)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of abhiniyukta

abhiniyukta - engaged, appointed, directed, employed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root yuj with prefixes abhi- and ni-

Prefixes: abhi+ni

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Modifies 'bhrātrā' (the brother)

बिलस्य (bilasya) - of the cave, of the hole

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of bila

bila - cave, hole, cavity, cavern

पिहितम् (pihitam) - closed, covered, hidden

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pihita

pihita - closed, covered, hidden

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root dhā with prefix pi- (variant of api-)

Prefix: pi

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Modifies 'mukham'

मुखम् (mukham) - the entrance of the cave (mouth, face, entrance)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of mukha

mukha - mouth, face, principal part, entrance