वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-3, chapter-20, verse-1

स पुनः पतितां दृष्ट्वा क्रोधाच्छूर्पणखां खरः ।
उवाच व्यक्तता वाचा तामनर्थार्थमागताम् ॥१॥

1. sa punaḥ patitāṃ dṛṣṭvā krodhācchūrpaṇakhāṃ kharaḥ ,
uvāca vyaktatā vācā tāmanarthārthamāgatām.

1. sa punaḥ patitām dṛṣṭvā krodhāt śūrpaṇakhām kharaḥ
uvāca vyaktayā vācā tām anarthārtham āgatām

1. kharaḥ punaḥ krodhāt patitām anarthārtham āgatām
tām śūrpaṇakhām dṛṣṭvā vyaktayā vācā uvāca

1. Khara, upon seeing Śūrpaṇakhā fallen again, and realizing she had come for a futile purpose, spoke to her clearly, out of anger.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - he (Khara) (he, that)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again (again, furthermore)

• पतिताम् (patitām) - fallen (on the ground) (fallen, degraded)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• क्रोधात् (krodhāt) - out of anger (from anger, due to anger)

• शूर्पणखाम् (śūrpaṇakhām) - Surpanakha (Surpanakha (proper noun))

• खरः (kharaḥ) - Khara (Khara (proper noun))

• उवाच (uvāca) - he spoke (he spoke, he said)

• व्यक्तया (vyaktayā) - clearly (clearly, distinctly)

• वाचा (vācā) - with words (by speech, with words)

• ताम् (tām) - her (Śūrpaṇakhā) (her, that (feminine))

• अनर्थार्थम् (anarthārtham) - for a futile purpose (for a useless purpose, for misfortune)

• आगताम् (āgatām) - who had come (having come, arrived)

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - he (Khara) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

पुनः (punaḥ) - again (again, furthermore)

(indeclinable)

पतिताम् (patitām) - fallen (on the ground) (fallen, degraded)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of patita

patita - fallen, dropped, degraded

Past Passive Participle

From root pat- 'to fall'

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: Refers to Śūrpaṇakhā.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root dṛś 'to see'

Root: dṛś (class 1)

क्रोधात् (krodhāt) - out of anger (from anger, due to anger)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of krodha

krodha - anger, wrath

Root: krudh (class 4)

शूर्पणखाम् (śūrpaṇakhām) - Surpanakha (Surpanakha (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of śūrpaṇakhā

śūrpaṇakhā - Surpanakha (Ravana's sister)

literally 'having fingernails like winnowing baskets'

खरः (kharaḥ) - Khara (Khara (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of khara

khara - Khara (a rākṣasa), ass, sharp

Note: Subject of the sentence.

उवाच (uvāca) - he spoke (he spoke, he said)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense

3rd person singular active

Root: vac (class 2)

व्यक्तया (vyaktayā) - clearly (clearly, distinctly)

(adjective)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of vyakta

vyakta - manifest, clear, distinct

Past Passive Participle

From root añj with upasarga vi-, 'to manifest'

Prefix: vi

Root: añj (class 7)

Note: Agrees with `vācā`.

वाचा (vācā) - with words (by speech, with words)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of vāc

vāc - speech, voice, word

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Means of speaking.

ताम् (tām) - her (Śūrpaṇakhā) (her, that (feminine))

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'spoke to'.

अनर्थार्थम् (anarthārtham) - for a futile purpose (for a useless purpose, for misfortune)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of anarthārtha

anarthārtha - purpose of misfortune, useless purpose

Compound type : Tatpurusha (anartha+artha)

• anartha – misfortune, uselessness
  noun (masculine)
  Negative compound a + artha
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ṛ

Note: Adverbial accusative, indicating purpose.

आगताम् (āgatām) - who had come (having come, arrived)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of āgata

āgata - come, arrived

Past Passive Participle

From root gam with upasarga ā- 'to come'

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `tām Śūrpaṇakhām`.

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