वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-21, verse-2

अदृष्टदुःखो धर्मात्मा सर्वभूतप्रियंवदः ।
मयि जातो दशरथात् कथमुञ्छेन वर्तयेत् ॥२॥

2. adṛṣṭaduḥkho dharmātmā sarvabhūtapriyaṃvadaḥ ,
mayi jāto daśarathāt kathamuñchena vartayet.

2. adṛṣṭaduḥkhaḥ dharmātmā sarvabhūtapriyaṃvadaḥ
mayi jātaḥ daśarathāt katham uñchena vartayet

2. mayi daśarathāt jātaḥ adṛṣṭaduḥkhaḥ dharmātmā
sarvabhūtapriyaṃvadaḥ katham uñchena vartayet

2. How can he, a righteous (dharmātmā) soul who has never known sorrow, who speaks kindly to all beings, and who was born from me and from Daśaratha, sustain himself by gleaning (uñcha)?

Words meanings summery:

• अदृष्टदुःखः (adṛṣṭaduḥkhaḥ) - one who has never experienced hardship or sorrow (referring to Rāma) (one who has not seen sorrow, unacquainted with suffering)

• धर्मात्मा (dharmātmā) - one whose soul is intrinsically righteous and adheres to natural law (referring to Rāma) (righteous-souled, virtuous, whose nature is dharma)

• सर्वभूतप्रियंवदः (sarvabhūtapriyaṁvadaḥ) - one who is universally kind in speech (referring to Rāma) (one who speaks kindly to all beings)

• मयि (mayi) - from me (referring to Kausalyā, indicating maternal origin) (in me, on me, from me)

• जातः (jātaḥ) - born (referring to Rāma's birth) (born, produced, arisen)

• दशरथात् (daśarathāt) - from King Daśaratha (indicating paternal origin) (from Daśaratha)

• कथम् (katham) - how (an interrogative adverb expressing disbelief) (how, in what manner, why)

• उञ्छेन (uñchena) - by subsisting on gleanings, a type of ascetic sustenance (uñcha) (by gleaning, by gathering fallen grains)

• वर्तयेत् (vartayet) - he should sustain himself (in the forest) (he should live, he should exist, he should sustain himself)

Words meanings and morphology

अदृष्टदुःखः (adṛṣṭaduḥkhaḥ) - one who has never experienced hardship or sorrow (referring to Rāma) (one who has not seen sorrow, unacquainted with suffering)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of adṛṣṭaduḥkha

adṛṣṭaduḥkha - one who has not seen sorrow, unacquainted with suffering

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (adṛṣṭa+duḥkha)

• adṛṣṭa – not seen, unseen
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Formed from the negation particle 'a-' and the root 'dṛś' (to see).
  Root: dṛś (class 1)
• duḥkha – sorrow, suffering, pain, misery
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject, Rāma.

धर्मात्मा (dharmātmā) - one whose soul is intrinsically righteous and adheres to natural law (referring to Rāma) (righteous-souled, virtuous, whose nature is dharma)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmātman

dharmātman - righteous-souled, virtuous, whose nature is dharma (intrinsic nature, natural law)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dharma+ātman)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from the root 'dhṛ' (to sustain, support).
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• ātman – self, soul, essence, individual soul, Supreme Soul
  noun (masculine)
  Root: an (class 2)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject, Rāma.

सर्वभूतप्रियंवदः (sarvabhūtapriyaṁvadaḥ) - one who is universally kind in speech (referring to Rāma) (one who speaks kindly to all beings)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sarvabhūtapriyaṃvada

sarvabhūtapriyaṁvada - one who speaks kindly to all beings

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sarvabhūta+priyaṃvada)

• sarvabhūta – all beings, all creatures
  noun (neuter)
• priyaṃvada – speaking kindly, agreeable in speech
  adjective (masculine)
  Formed from 'priya' (dear, pleasing) and the root 'vad' (to speak).
  Root: vad (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject, Rāma.

मयि (mayi) - from me (referring to Kausalyā, indicating maternal origin) (in me, on me, from me)

(pronoun)

Locative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me

First person pronoun.

Note: Locative case used here to denote source of birth, alongside the ablative 'daśarathāt'.

जातः (jātaḥ) - born (referring to Rāma's birth) (born, produced, arisen)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jāta

jāta - born, produced, arisen, happened

Past Passive Participle

Formed from the root 'jan' (to be born, to produce).

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Agrees with the implied subject, Rāma.

दशरथात् (daśarathāt) - from King Daśaratha (indicating paternal origin) (from Daśaratha)

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of daśaratha

daśaratha - Daśaratha (the name of a famous king of Ayodhyā, father of Rāma)

Note: Indicates the source or origin (from whom he was born).

कथम् (katham) - how (an interrogative adverb expressing disbelief) (how, in what manner, why)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

उञ्छेन (uñchena) - by subsisting on gleanings, a type of ascetic sustenance (uñcha) (by gleaning, by gathering fallen grains)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of uñcha

uñcha - gleaning, gathering scattered grains, subsisting on gleanings (a practice of ascetics or the poor)

Note: Indicates the means or method of sustenance.

वर्तयेत् (vartayet) - he should sustain himself (in the forest) (he should live, he should exist, he should sustain himself)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of vṛt

Root 'vṛt' (class 1, often used in causative 'vartayati' for 'to cause to turn/live'). Here, it's the causative stem conjugated in optative. The optative mood suggests 'should' or 'would'.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Subject is the implied Rāma.

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