महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-55, verse-1

विदुर उवाच ।
महाराज विजानीहि यत्त्वां वक्ष्यामि तच्छृणु ।
मुमूर्षोरौषधमिव न रोचेतापि ते श्रुतम् ॥१॥

1. vidura uvāca ,
mahārāja vijānīhi yattvāṁ vakṣyāmi tacchṛṇu ,
mumūrṣorauṣadhamiva na rocetāpi te śrutam.

1. vidura uvāca mahārāja vijānīhi yat tvām vakṣyāmi tat
śṛṇu mumūrṣoḥ auṣadham iva na roceta api te śrutam

1. Vidura said: "O great king, understand well what I shall say to you, and listen to it. Even what you hear will not be pleasing to you, just like medicine is not pleasing to one who desires death."

Words meanings summery:

• विदुर (vidura) - Vidura, the wise half-brother of Dhritarashtra and Pandu. (Vidura (name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• महाराज (mahārāja) - Addressed to Dhritarashtra by Vidura. (O great king)

• विजानीहि (vijānīhi) - Vidura urges the king to fully grasp the situation. (know well, understand, perceive)

• यत् (yat) - Introducing the subordinate clause "what I shall tell you". (what, which)

• त्वाम् (tvām) - Refers to Dhritarashtra. (you (accusative))

• वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - Vidura refers to his own impending advice. (I shall say, I shall speak)

• तत् (tat) - Refers to "what I shall tell you." (that, that thing)

• शृणु (śṛṇu) - Vidura commands the king to listen carefully. (listen, hear)

• मुमूर्षोः (mumūrṣoḥ) - Refers to someone so desperate or ill that they reject help. (of one who wishes to die, of one desiring to die)

• औषधम् (auṣadham) - The bitter medicine that is unpleasant for one who doesn't want to live. (medicine, remedy)

• इव (iva) - Introduces the simile of medicine to one who wishes to die. (like, as, as if)

• न (na) - Negates the pleasing quality of the king's hearing. (not)

• रोचेत (roceta) - The advice will likely not be agreeable to Dhritarashtra. (might be pleasing, would be liked)

• अपि (api) - Emphasizes that *even* what he hears will be unpleasant. (also, even, too)

• ते (te) - Dative of interest, "to your hearing". (to you (dative/genitive))

• श्रुतम् (śrutam) - What will be conveyed to Dhritarashtra by Vidura. (heard, listened to; what is heard, knowledge)

Words meanings and morphology

विदुर (vidura) - Vidura, the wise half-brother of Dhritarashtra and Pandu. (Vidura (name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vidura

vidura - Name of a wise counselor in the Mahabharata.

Note: The subject of the verb 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Third person singular, perfect tense, active voice of √vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

महाराज (mahārāja) - Addressed to Dhritarashtra by Vidura. (O great king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Compound of mahā (great) and rājan (king).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+rājan)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

विजानीहि (vijānīhi) - Vidura urges the king to fully grasp the situation. (know well, understand, perceive)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of vijñā

Second person singular, imperative mood, active voice of vi + √jñā (to know).

Prefix: vi

Root: jñā (class 9)

यत् (yat) - Introducing the subordinate clause "what I shall tell you". (what, which)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that

Note: Object of 'vakṣyāmi'.

त्वाम् (tvām) - Refers to Dhritarashtra. (you (accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

वक्ष्यामि (vakṣyāmi) - Vidura refers to his own impending advice. (I shall say, I shall speak)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, future (lṛṭ) of vac

First person singular, future tense, active voice of √vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

तत् (tat) - Refers to "what I shall tell you." (that, that thing)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this

Note: Object of 'śṛṇu'.

शृणु (śṛṇu) - Vidura commands the king to listen carefully. (listen, hear)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of śru

Second person singular, imperative mood, active voice of √śru (to hear).

Root: śru (class 5)

मुमूर्षोः (mumūrṣoḥ) - Refers to someone so desperate or ill that they reject help. (of one who wishes to die, of one desiring to die)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mumūrṣu

mumūrṣu - wishing to die, desirous of death

Desiderative participle

Desiderative of √mṛ (to die).

Root: mṛ (class 6)

Note: Qualifies an implied person.

औषधम् (auṣadham) - The bitter medicine that is unpleasant for one who doesn't want to live. (medicine, remedy)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of auṣadha

auṣadha - medicine, herb, drug

From oṣadhi (herb).

Note: The subject in the simile.

इव (iva) - Introduces the simile of medicine to one who wishes to die. (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - Negates the pleasing quality of the king's hearing. (not)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

रोचेत (roceta) - The advice will likely not be agreeable to Dhritarashtra. (might be pleasing, would be liked)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of ruc

Third person singular, optative mood, active voice of √ruc (to like, be pleasing). Often used impersonally with dative.

Root: ruc (class 1)

अपि (api) - Emphasizes that *even* what he hears will be unpleasant. (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

Particle.

ते (te) - Dative of interest, "to your hearing". (to you (dative/genitive))

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Dative/genitive singular of yuṣmad.

Note: With 'roceta', it indicates 'to whom it is pleasing'.

श्रुतम् (śrutam) - What will be conveyed to Dhritarashtra by Vidura. (heard, listened to; what is heard, knowledge)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śruta

śruta - heard, learned, knowledge, sacred tradition

Past Passive Participle

From √śru (to hear).

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: The subject of 'roceta'.