महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-36, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् ।
शक्रशम्बरसंवादं तन्निबोध युधिष्ठिर ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
atrāpyudāharantīmamitihāsaṁ purātanam ,
śakraśambarasaṁvādaṁ tannibodha yudhiṣṭhira.

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca atra api udāharanti imam itihāsam
purātanam śakra-śambara-saṃvādam tat nibodha yudhiṣṭhira

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca atra api imam purātanam itihāsam
śakra-śambara-saṃvādam udāharanti yudhiṣṭhira tat nibodha

1. Bhishma said: 'In this regard, they also narrate this ancient historical account (itihāsa) – the conversation between Śakra and Śambara. Listen to that now, O Yudhiṣṭhira!'

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - The warrior Bhishma, who is speaking these verses to Yudhiṣṭhira. (Bhishma (proper noun))

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

• अत्र (atra) - in this connection, relevant to the topic (here, in this matter, in this context)

• अपि (api) - even, also, too

• उदाहरन्ति (udāharanti) - narrate (they relate, they cite, they exemplify)

• इमम् (imam) - this (masculine, accusative)

• इतिहासम् (itihāsam) - a historical or legendary account (legend, history, traditional narrative (accusative))

• पुरातनम् (purātanam) - ancient, old, traditional (accusative)

• शक्र-शम्बर-संवादम् (śakra-śambara-saṁvādam) - the dialogue between Śakra and Śambara (accusative)

• तत् (tat) - that narrative (that (neuter, singular, accusative))

• निबोध (nibodha) - listen attentively (understand, learn, listen to (imperative))

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira (proper noun, vocative)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - The warrior Bhishma, who is speaking these verses to Yudhiṣṭhira. (Bhishma (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (name of a character in Mahabharata); terrible, formidable

Note: Speaker of the verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense

Perfect form of root vac (to speak), parasmaipada

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Past tense verb.

अत्र (atra) - in this connection, relevant to the topic (here, in this matter, in this context)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial.

अपि (api) - even, also, too

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle indicating addition.

उदाहरन्ति (udāharanti) - narrate (they relate, they cite, they exemplify)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present indicative (laṭ) of udāhṛ

Present Indicative

Root hṛ with prefix ud-ā, class 1, parasmaipada, present active

Prefixes: ud+ā

Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: The implicit subject is 'people' or 'sages'.

इमम् (imam) - this (masculine, accusative)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, these

Note: Demonstrative pronoun agreeing with `itihāsam`.

इतिहासम् (itihāsam) - a historical or legendary account (legend, history, traditional narrative (accusative))

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of itihāsa

itihāsa - legend, history, traditional narrative, epic

Note: Object of `udāharanti`.

पुरातनम् (purātanam) - ancient, old, traditional (accusative)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of purātana

purātana - ancient, old, former, traditional

Derived from purā (formerly)

Note: Adjective describing `itihāsam`.

शक्र-शम्बर-संवादम् (śakra-śambara-saṁvādam) - the dialogue between Śakra and Śambara (accusative)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śakra-śambara-saṃvāda

śakra-śambara-saṁvāda - dialogue between Śakra and Śambara

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śakra+śambara+saṃvāda)

• śakra – Indra (name of a god)
  proper noun (masculine)
• śambara – Śambara (name of an asura)
  proper noun (masculine)
• saṃvāda – dialogue, conversation, discourse
  noun (masculine)
  From root vad with prefix sam
  Prefix: sam
  Root: vad (class 1)

Note: A compound noun referring to the subject of the `itihāsa`.

तत् (tat) - that narrative (that (neuter, singular, accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Demonstrative pronoun, object of `nibodha`.

निबोध (nibodha) - listen attentively (understand, learn, listen to (imperative))

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of nibudh

Imperative

Root budh with prefix ni, class 1, parasmaipada

Prefix: ni

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Command to Yudhiṣṭhira.

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - O Yudhiṣṭhira (proper noun, vocative)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava)

Compound type : aluk-tatpuruṣa (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle (locative of yudh)
  noun (feminine)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: The person being addressed.