महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-136, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
के पूज्याः के नमस्कार्याः कथं वर्तेत केषु च ।
किमाचारः कीदृशेषु पितामह न रिष्यते ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
ke pūjyāḥ ke namaskāryāḥ kathaṁ varteta keṣu ca ,
kimācāraḥ kīdṛśeṣu pitāmaha na riṣyate.

1. Yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ke pūjyāḥ ke namaskāryāḥ kathaṃ
varteta keṣu ca kimācāraḥ kīdṛśeṣu pitāmaha na riṣyate

1. Yudhiṣṭhira uvāca pitāmaha ke pūjyāḥ ke namaskāryāḥ
ca keṣu kathaṃ varteta kīdṛśeṣu kimācāraḥ na riṣyate

1. Yudhiṣṭhira said: O Grandsire, who are to be honored, and who are to be saluted? How should one behave towards them? What conduct towards such persons ensures that one does not suffer harm?

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava brother, asking a question (Yudhiṣṭhira)

• उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira said (said, spoke)

• के (ke) - who (are to be honored) (who (plural), which)

• पूज्याः (pūjyāḥ) - who are to be honored (to be worshipped, to be honored, venerable)

• के (ke) - who (are to be saluted) (who (plural), which)

• नमस्कार्याः (namaskāryāḥ) - who are to be saluted (to be saluted, to be bowed to)

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how should one behave (how, in what manner)

• वर्तेत (varteta) - how should one behave (should behave, should act, should exist)

• केषु (keṣu) - towards whom should one behave (among whom, towards whom)

• च (ca) - and (how should one behave) (and, also)

• किमाचारः (kimācāraḥ) - what kind of conduct (is proper) (what kind of conduct/behavior)

• कीदृशेषु (kīdṛśeṣu) - towards what kind of people (is proper conduct) (towards what kind of people, among what kind of people)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandsire (Bhīṣma) (O grandfather, O great father)

• न (na) - one is not harmed (not, no)

• रिष्यते (riṣyate) - one is not harmed (is harmed, suffers injury, perishes)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava brother, asking a question (Yudhiṣṭhira)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of Yudhiṣṭhira

Yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle; name of the eldest Pāṇḍava

उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect active

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice, from root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

के (ke) - who (are to be honored) (who (plural), which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ka

ka - who, what

पूज्याः (pūjyāḥ) - who are to be honored (to be worshipped, to be honored, venerable)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pūjya

pūjya - to be worshipped, venerable, honorable

gerundive

From root pūj (to worship) + ya (kṛtya suffix)

Root: pūj (class 10)

के (ke) - who (are to be saluted) (who (plural), which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ka

ka - who, what

नमस्कार्याः (namaskāryāḥ) - who are to be saluted (to be saluted, to be bowed to)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of namaskārya

namaskārya - to be saluted, to be bowed to

gerundive

From namas (salutation) + kṛ (to do) + ya (kṛtya suffix)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (namas+kārya)

• namas – salutation, bow, reverence
  indeclinable (neuter)
• kārya – to be done, to be made
  adjective (masculine)
  gerundive
  From root kṛ + ya
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

कथं (kathaṁ) - how should one behave (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

वर्तेत (varteta) - how should one behave (should behave, should act, should exist)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (liṅ) of vṛt

optative

Optative mood, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada), from root vṛt (Divādi class 1)

Root: vṛt (class 1)

केषु (keṣu) - towards whom should one behave (among whom, towards whom)

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, plural of ka

ka - who, what

च (ca) - and (how should one behave) (and, also)

(indeclinable)

किमाचारः (kimācāraḥ) - what kind of conduct (is proper) (what kind of conduct/behavior)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kimācāra

kimācāra - what kind of conduct, having what conduct

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kim+ācāra)

• kim – what, which
  pronoun (neuter)
• ācāra – conduct, custom, practice
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root car (to move, behave) with prefix ā
  Prefix: ā
  Root: car (class 1)

कीदृशेषु (kīdṛśeṣu) - towards what kind of people (is proper conduct) (towards what kind of people, among what kind of people)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, plural of kīdṛśa

kīdṛśa - of what kind, like what

पितामह (pitāmaha) - O Grandsire (Bhīṣma) (O grandfather, O great father)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - grandfather, great-father; name of Brahmā

न (na) - one is not harmed (not, no)

(indeclinable)

रिष्यते (riṣyate) - one is not harmed (is harmed, suffers injury, perishes)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of riṣ

present

Present tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada), from root riṣ (Divādi class 4)

Root: riṣ (class 4)