महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-21, verse-16

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य एवं वर्तते राजा राजधर्मविनिश्चितः ।
तस्यायं च परश्चैव लोकः स्यात्सफलो नृप ।
निर्वाणं तु सुदुष्पारं बहुविघ्नं च मे मतम् ॥१६॥

16. ya evaṁ vartate rājā rājadharmaviniścitaḥ ,
tasyāyaṁ ca paraścaiva lokaḥ syātsaphalo nṛpa ,
nirvāṇaṁ tu suduṣpāraṁ bahuvighnaṁ ca me matam.

16. yaḥ evam vartate rājā rājadharmaviniścitaḥ
tasya ayam ca paraḥ ca eva
lokaḥ syāt saphalaḥ nṛpa nirvāṇam tu
sudūṣpāram bahuvighnam ca me matam

16. nṛpa yaḥ rājā rājadharmaviniścitaḥ evam vartate tasya ayam ca paraḥ ca eva lokaḥ saphalaḥ syāt.
nirvāṇam tu sudūṣpāram bahuvighnam ca me matam.

16. O king, the monarch who conducts himself in this manner, having firmly ascertained his royal duties (rājadharma), will find both this world and the next world fruitful. However, in my opinion, liberation (nirvāṇa) is very difficult to attain and fraught with many obstacles.

Words meanings summery:

(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)

यः (yaḥ) - that (king) who (who, which, that)

एवम् (evam) - in this manner (as described previously) (thus, in this manner, so)

वर्तते (vartate) - conducts himself (acts, proceeds, exists, lives)

राजा (rājā) - the monarch (king, monarch)

राजधर्मविनिश्चितः (rājadharmaviniścitaḥ) - having firmly understood the duties of kingship (rājadharma) (having firmly ascertained royal duties (dharma))

तस्य (tasya) - for him (the king) (for him, of him, his)

अयम् (ayam) - this (world) (this, this one)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

परः (paraḥ) - the next (world) (other, next, supreme)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the certainty of the outcome) (indeed, only, certainly, even)

लोकः (lokaḥ) - the world (this and the next) (world, realm, people)

स्यात् (syāt) - would be (fruitful) (would be, may be, should be)

सफलः (saphalaḥ) - fruitful (resulting in good) (fruitful, successful, productive)

नृप (nṛpa) - O king! (O king! (vocative))

निर्वाणम् (nirvāṇam) - final liberation (nirvāṇa) (liberation (nirvāṇa), extinction, cooling)

तु (tu) - but (introducing a contrast) (but, indeed, on the other hand)

सुदूष्पारम् (sudūṣpāram) - very difficult to attain (very difficult to cross, very hard to overcome)

बहुविघ्नम् (bahuvighnam) - fraught with many obstacles (full of many obstacles)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

मे (me) - in my opinion (lit. 'to me') (by me, to me, for me (enclitic dative/genitive of 'I'))

मतम् (matam) - in my opinion (opinion, thought, belief)

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - that (king) who (who, which, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, that (relative pronoun)

Note: Refers to the king.

एवम् (evam) - in this manner (as described previously) (thus, in this manner, so)

(indeclinable)

Adverb.

वर्तते (vartate) - conducts himself (acts, proceeds, exists, lives)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of vṛt

Atmanepada verb.

Root: vṛt (class 1)

राजा (rājā) - the monarch (king, monarch)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, monarch, ruler

n-stem noun.

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of `vartate`.

राजधर्मविनिश्चितः (rājadharmaviniścitaḥ) - having firmly understood the duties of kingship (rājadharma) (having firmly ascertained royal duties (dharma))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājadharmaviniścita

rājadharmaviniścita - having firmly ascertained royal duties (dharma)

Past Passive Participle (compound)

Compound ending in `viniścita`.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (rājadharma+viniścita)

rājadharma – royal duty, king's `dharma` (natural law)
noun (masculine)
Compound `rājan` + `dharma`.
viniścita – firmly ascertained, well-determined, established
adjective (masculine)
Past Passive Participle
From `vi`-`ni`-√`ci` (to ascertain, determine)
Prefixes: vi+ni
Root: ci (class 5)

तस्य (tasya) - for him (the king) (for him, of him, his)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it (demonstrative/personal pronoun)

Note: Indicates possession or relation.

अयम् (ayam) - this (world) (this, this one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Refers to `lokaḥ` (world).

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects `ayam` and `paraḥ`.

परः (paraḥ) - the next (world) (other, next, supreme)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of para

para - other, next, supreme, distant

Note: Refers to `lokaḥ` (world).

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects `ayam` and `paraḥ`.

एव (eva) - indeed (emphasizing the certainty of the outcome) (indeed, only, certainly, even)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

लोकः (lokaḥ) - the world (this and the next) (world, realm, people)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, realm, universe, people, space

From √`lok` (to see)

Root: lok (class 1)

Note: Subject of `syāt`.

स्यात् (syāt) - would be (fruitful) (would be, may be, should be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of as

Parasmaipada verb.

Root: as (class 2)

सफलः (saphalaḥ) - fruitful (resulting in good) (fruitful, successful, productive)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saphala

saphala - fruitful, successful, productive, having fruit

`sa` (with) + `phala` (fruit).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (sa+phala)

sa – with, accompanied by
indeclinable
Prefix.
phala – fruit, result, consequence, reward
noun (neuter)

नृप (nṛpa) - O king! (O king! (vocative))

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of nṛpa

nṛpa - king, protector of men

Compound `nṛ` (man) + `pa` (protector, from √`pā`).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pa)

nṛ – man, human
noun (masculine)
Base form of `nara`.
pa – protector, preserver, drinking
adjective (masculine)
Agent noun (from √`pā` 'to protect' or 'to drink')
Suffix `-a` from √`pā`.
Root: pā (class 1)

Note: Direct address to the listener.

निर्वाणम् (nirvāṇam) - final liberation (nirvāṇa) (liberation (nirvāṇa), extinction, cooling)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of nirvāṇa

nirvāṇa - liberation, extinction, blowing out, cooling, freedom from suffering

From `nir`-√`vā` (to blow out)

Prefix: nir

Root: vā (class 2)

Note: Subject of the latter part of the sentence.

तु (tu) - but (introducing a contrast) (but, indeed, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

सुदूष्पारम् (sudūṣpāram) - very difficult to attain (very difficult to cross, very hard to overcome)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sudūṣpāra

sudūṣpāra - very difficult to cross, very hard to overcome, inaccessible

`su` (very) + `dus` (difficult) + `pāra` (crossing).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+duṣpāra)

su – very, good, well
indeclinable
Prefix indicating intensiveness or goodness.
duṣpāra – difficult to cross, hard to overcome
adjective (neuter)
`dus` (bad, difficult) + `pāra` (crossing, from √`pṛ`).
Prefix: dus
Root: pṛ (class 3)

बहुविघ्नम् (bahuvighnam) - fraught with many obstacles (full of many obstacles)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of bahuvighna

bahuvighna - full of many obstacles, having many hindrances

Bahuvrīhi compound.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (bahu+vighna)

bahu – many, much, numerous
adjective (neuter)
vighna – obstacle, hindrance, impediment
noun (masculine)
From `vi`-√`han` (to strike, hinder)
Prefix: vi
Root: han (class 2)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects `sudūṣpāram` and `bahuvighnam`.

मे (me) - in my opinion (lit. 'to me') (by me, to me, for me (enclitic dative/genitive of 'I'))

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we (first person pronoun)

Enclitic form of `aham`.

Note: Expresses opinion (often used with `matam`).

मतम् (matam) - in my opinion (opinion, thought, belief)

(noun)