महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-116, verse-12

न ह्येको भृत्यरहितो राजा भवति रक्षिता ।
राज्यं चेदं जनः सर्वस्तत्कुलीनोऽभिशंसति ॥१२॥

12. na hyeko bhṛtyarahito rājā bhavati rakṣitā ,
rājyaṁ cedaṁ janaḥ sarvastatkulīno'bhiśaṁsati.

12. na hi ekaḥ bhṛtyarahitaḥ rājā bhavati rakṣitā
rājyam ca idam janaḥ sarvaḥ tatkulīnaḥ abhisaṃsati

12. hi na ekaḥ bhṛtyarahitaḥ rājā rakṣitā bhavati ca
idam rājyam sarvaḥ tatkulīnaḥ janaḥ abhisaṃsati

12. Indeed, a single king without servants cannot be a protector. Moreover, all the people, including his own kinsmen, will censure this kingdom.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not, no

• हि (hi) - indeed, certainly, for

• एकः (ekaḥ) - one, a single

• भृत्यरहितः (bhṛtyarahitaḥ) - without servants, devoid of attendants

• राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

• भवति (bhavati) - is, becomes, exists

• रक्षिता (rakṣitā) - protector, guardian

• राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingdom, sovereignty

• च (ca) - moreover (and, also)

• इदम् (idam) - this

• जनः (janaḥ) - people, person

• सर्वः (sarvaḥ) - all, every

• तत्कुलीनः (tatkulīnaḥ) - his own kinsmen (belonging to his family, of that lineage)

• अभिसंसति (abhisaṁsati) - blames, censures, accuses

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Negates the verb 'bhavati'.

हि (hi) - indeed, certainly, for

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

Note: Adds emphasis to the statement.

एकः (ekaḥ) - one, a single

(numeral adjective)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

भृत्यरहितः (bhṛtyarahitaḥ) - without servants, devoid of attendants

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhṛtyarahita

bhṛtyarahita - without servants, destitute of attendants

Compound of 'bhṛtya' (servant) and 'rahita' (devoid of).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhṛtya+rahita)

• bhṛtya – servant, attendant, dependent
  noun (masculine)
  Gerundive
  From root `bhṛ` (to bear, support).
  Root: bhṛ (class 3)
• rahita – left, abandoned, forsaken, devoid of, without
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `rah` (to abandon).
  Root: rah (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'rājā'.

राजा (rājā) - king, ruler

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

N-stem noun.

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of the first clause.

भवति (bhavati) - is, becomes, exists

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present Tense, Active Voice, 3rd Person Singular

From `√bhū` (to be) + `a` (thematic vowel) + `ti` (3rd sg ending).

Root: bhū (class 1)

रक्षिता (rakṣitā) - protector, guardian

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rakṣitṛ

rakṣitṛ - protector, preserver, guardian

Agent Noun

From root `rakṣ` (to protect) + `tṛ` suffix.

Root: rakṣ (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative for 'rājā'.

राज्यम् (rājyam) - kingdom, sovereignty

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of rājya

rājya - kingdom, realm, sovereignty

From `rājan` (king) + `ya` suffix.

Note: Object of 'abhisaṃsati'.

च (ca) - moreover (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects the two clauses.

इदम् (idam) - this

(demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Qualifies 'rājyam'.

जनः (janaḥ) - people, person

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jana

jana - person, man, people, mankind

From root `jan` (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'abhisaṃsati'.

सर्वः (sarvaḥ) - all, every

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, complete

Note: Qualifies 'janaḥ'.

तत्कुलीनः (tatkulīnaḥ) - his own kinsmen (belonging to his family, of that lineage)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tatkulīna

tatkulīna - belonging to his family/lineage, of that caste

Compound: `tad` (that) + `kulīna` (of good family).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (tad+kulīna)

• tad – that, he, she, it
  pronoun (masculine)
  Demonstrative pronoun, here functioning as a pronominal adjective.
• kulīna – of good family, well-born, noble
  adjective (masculine)
  From `kula` (family) + `kha` suffix.

Note: Qualifies 'janaḥ'.

अभिसंसति (abhisaṁsati) - blames, censures, accuses

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of abhisaṃs

Present Tense, Active Voice, 3rd Person Singular

From `abhi-√śaṃs` (to recite, speak). The meaning of 'blame' or 'censure' is derived from specific contexts.

Prefix: abhi

Root: śaṃs (class 1)