महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-178, verse-16

ते विक्रमन्तः स्फुरता दृढेन निष्कृष्यमाणा धनुषा नरेन्द्राः ।
विचेष्टमाना धरणीतलस्था दीना अदृश्यन्त विभग्नचित्ताः ॥१६॥

16. te vikramantaḥ sphuratā dṛḍhena; niṣkṛṣyamāṇā dhanuṣā narendrāḥ ,
viceṣṭamānā dharaṇītalasthā; dīnā adṛśyanta vibhagnacittāḥ.

16. te vikramantaḥ sphuratā dṛḍhena
niṣkṛṣyamāṇāḥ dhanuṣā narendrāḥ
viceṣṭamānāḥ dharaṇītalasthāḥ
dīnāḥ adṛśyanta vibhagnacittāḥ

16. Those kings, exerting themselves, were seen being dragged by the strong, trembling bow; they struggled on the ground, miserable and disheartened.

Words meanings summery:

• ते (te) - those, they

• विक्रमन्तः (vikramantaḥ) - exerting themselves, showing valor

• स्फुरता (sphuratā) - by the trembling (bow) (by the trembling, by the quivering)

• दृढेन (dṛḍhena) - by the strong (bow) (by the strong, by the firm)

• निष्कृष्यमाणाः (niṣkṛṣyamāṇāḥ) - being pulled back, being dragged out

• धनुषा (dhanuṣā) - by the bow, with the bow

• नरेन्द्राः (narendrāḥ) - kings, lords of men

• विचेष्टमानाः (viceṣṭamānāḥ) - struggling, writhing, making efforts

• धरणीतलस्थाः (dharaṇītalasthāḥ) - situated on the surface of the earth, lying on the ground

• दीनाः (dīnāḥ) - miserable, wretched, distressed

• अदृश्यन्त (adṛśyanta) - they were seen

• विभग्नचित्ताः (vibhagnacittāḥ) - broken-hearted, disheartened

Words meanings and morphology

ते (te) - those, they

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, he, she, it, they

विक्रमन्तः (vikramantaḥ) - exerting themselves, showing valor

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vikramant

vikramant - exerting oneself, showing valor, proceeding

Present Active Participle

Formed from vi- + kram (to step, stride, exert) + -at (present active participle suffix)

Prefix: vi

Root: kram (class 1)

स्फुरता (sphuratā) - by the trembling (bow) (by the trembling, by the quivering)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of sphurat

sphurat - trembling, quivering, glittering

Present Active Participle

Formed from sphur (to throb, tremble) + -at (present active participle suffix)

Root: sphur (class 6)

दृढेन (dṛḍhena) - by the strong (bow) (by the strong, by the firm)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dṛḍha

dṛḍha - firm, strong, hard, steady

निष्कृष्यमाणाः (niṣkṛṣyamāṇāḥ) - being pulled back, being dragged out

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of niṣkṛṣyamāṇa

niṣkṛṣyamāṇa - being drawn out, being pulled back, being dragged

Present Passive Participle

Formed from nis- + kṛṣ (to pull, draw) in the passive voice with -māna suffix

Prefix: nis

Root: kṛṣ (class 1)

धनुषा (dhanuṣā) - by the bow, with the bow

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of dhanus

dhanus - bow, arch

नरेन्द्राः (narendrāḥ) - kings, lords of men

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of narendra

narendra - king, ruler, lord of men

Compound type : tatpurusha (nara+indra)

• nara – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• indra – chief, lord, most excellent
  noun (masculine)

विचेष्टमानाः (viceṣṭamānāḥ) - struggling, writhing, making efforts

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of viceṣṭamāna

viceṣṭamāna - struggling, writhing, making efforts, moving about

Present Middle Participle

Formed from vi- + ceṣṭ (to move, strive) + -māna (present middle participle suffix)

Prefix: vi

Root: ceṣṭ (class 1)

धरणीतलस्थाः (dharaṇītalasthāḥ) - situated on the surface of the earth, lying on the ground

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dharaṇītalastha

dharaṇītalastha - standing or situated on the surface of the earth

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharaṇītala+stha)

• dharaṇītala – surface of the earth, ground
  noun (neuter)
• stha – standing, staying, situated, residing
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

दीनाः (dīnāḥ) - miserable, wretched, distressed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dīna

dīna - miserable, wretched, distressed, sad

अदृश्यन्त (adṛśyanta) - they were seen

(verb)

3rd person , plural, passive, Imperfect Past (laṅ) of dṛś

Root: dṛś (class 1)

विभग्नचित्ताः (vibhagnacittāḥ) - broken-hearted, disheartened

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vibhagnacitta

vibhagnacitta - broken-hearted, disheartened, dejected in mind

Compound type : bahuvrihi (vibhagna+citta)

• vibhagna – broken, shattered, frustrated
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Formed from vi- + bhañj (to break) + -na (PPP suffix)
  Prefix: vi
  Root: bhañj (class 7)
• citta – mind, thought, heart, consciousness
  noun (neuter)

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