महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-229, verse-12

स्थावरेभ्यो विशिष्टानि जङ्गमान्युपलक्षयेत् ।
उपपन्नं हि यच्चेष्टा विशिष्येत विशेष्ययोः ॥१२॥

12. sthāvarebhyo viśiṣṭāni jaṅgamānyupalakṣayet ,
upapannaṁ hi yacceṣṭā viśiṣyeta viśeṣyayoḥ.

12. sthāvarebhyaḥ viśiṣṭāni jaṅgamāni upalakṣayet
| upapannam hi yat ceṣṭā viśiṣyeta višeṣyayoḥ

12. sthāvarebhyaḥ jaṅgamāni viśiṣṭāni upalakṣayet hi yat
ceṣṭā višeṣyayoḥ viśiṣyeta (iti) upapannam (asti)

12. One should observe that movable beings are superior to immovable ones. This is indeed appropriate, because the activity of the movables is superior when distinguishing between these two categories.

Words meanings summery:

• स्थावरेभ्यः (sthāvarebhyaḥ) - from immovable beings (e.g., plants, mountains) (from immovables, from stationary beings)

• विशिष्टानि (viśiṣṭāni) - superior (distinguished, excellent, superior, special)

• जङ्गमानि (jaṅgamāni) - movable beings (e.g., animals, humans) (movables, moving beings)

• उपलक्षयेत् (upalakṣayet) - one should observe (one should observe, recognize, perceive)

• उपपन्नम् (upapannam) - appropriate (appropriate, suitable, proper, established)

• हि (hi) - indeed, because (indeed, surely, because, for)

• यत् (yat) - whose (whose, which, what)

• चेष्टा (ceṣṭā) - activity (activity, movement, effort, endeavor)

• विशिष्येत (viśiṣyeta) - is superior (would be distinguished, would be superior)

• विšएष्ययोः (višeṣyayoḥ) - among the two categories (movable and immovable) to be distinguished (among the two to be distinguished, of the two distinguished ones)

Words meanings and morphology

स्थावरेभ्यः (sthāvarebhyaḥ) - from immovable beings (e.g., plants, mountains) (from immovables, from stationary beings)

(adjective)

Ablative, masculine, plural of sthāvara

sthāvara - immovable, stationary, fixed, permanent; (noun) a plant, mountain

Derived from root `sthā` (to stand) with `vara` suffix.

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Used as a noun referring to immovable beings.

विशिष्टानि (viśiṣṭāni) - superior (distinguished, excellent, superior, special)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of viśiṣṭa

viśiṣṭa - distinguished, superior, excellent, specific

Past Passive Participle

From root `śiṣ` (to be eminent, to distinguish) with prefix `vi-`.

Prefix: vi

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

Note: Agrees with `jaṅgamāni`.

जङ्गमानि (jaṅgamāni) - movable beings (e.g., animals, humans) (movables, moving beings)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of jaṅgama

jaṅgama - movable, animate, living; (noun) an animal, a living being

Reduplicated form from root `gam` (to go), used as an adjective.

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Subject of the first clause, used as a noun.

उपलक्षयेत् (upalakṣayet) - one should observe (one should observe, recognize, perceive)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of upalakṣ

Root `lakṣ` (to perceive, observe) with prefix `upa-`.

Prefix: upa

Root: lakṣ (class 10)

Note: Implies an agent like 'one' or 'a wise person'.

उपपन्नम् (upapannam) - appropriate (appropriate, suitable, proper, established)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of upapanna

upapanna - happened, obtained, suitable, appropriate, endowed with

Past Passive Participle

From root `pad` (to go, fall) with prefix `upa-`.

Prefix: upa

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Predicate to an implied 'it' (this fact).

हि (hi) - indeed, because (indeed, surely, because, for)

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle indicating emphasis or reason.

यत् (yat) - whose (whose, which, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, who, whose

Note: Relative pronoun referring to the 'activity' of the movables.

चेष्टा (ceṣṭā) - activity (activity, movement, effort, endeavor)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of ceṣṭā

ceṣṭā - movement, action, activity, effort, endeavor

From root `ceṣṭ` (to move, act).

Root: ceṣṭ (class 1)

Note: Subject of the second clause.

विशिष्येत (viśiṣyeta) - is superior (would be distinguished, would be superior)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of viśiṣ

Root `śiṣ` (to remain, distinguish) with prefix `vi-`. Here in passive or middle voice, implying 'to be distinguished/excelled'.

Prefix: vi

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

Note: Expresses potential or desirability.

विšएष्ययोः (višeṣyayoḥ) - among the two categories (movable and immovable) to be distinguished (among the two to be distinguished, of the two distinguished ones)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine/neuter, dual of višeṣya

višeṣya - to be distinguished, to be specified, an object of distinction

Gerundive / Future Passive Participle

From root `śiṣ` with prefix `vi-` and suffix `ya`.

Prefix: vi

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

Note: Refers to the two (sthāvara and jaṅgama). Locative sense 'among them'.