महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-25, verse-13

कथं हि नीचा इव दौष्कुलेया निर्धर्मार्थं कर्म कुर्युश्च पार्थाः ।
सोऽहं प्रसाद्य प्रणतो वासुदेवं पाञ्चालानामधिपं चैव वृद्धम् ॥१३॥

13. kathaṁ hi nīcā iva dauṣkuleyā; nirdharmārthaṁ karma kuryuśca pārthāḥ ,
so'haṁ prasādya praṇato vāsudevaṁ; pāñcālānāmadhipaṁ caiva vṛddham.

13. katham hi nīcāḥ iva dauṣkuleyāḥ
nirdharmārtham karma kuryuḥ ca pārthāḥ
saḥ aham prasādya praṇataḥ vāsudevam
pāñcālānām adhipam ca eva vṛddham

13. Indeed, how could the Pārthas (Pāṇḍavas) perform actions (karma) like ignoble, ill-born individuals, without regard for natural law (dharma) or material purpose (artha)? Therefore, I, having propitiated and respectfully bowed to Vāsudeva (Krishna), and also to the aged lord of the Pāñcālas (Drupada)...

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, why, in what manner)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

• नीचाः (nīcāḥ) - ignoble, low-born (low, base, vile, ignoble, humble)

• इव (iva) - like (like, as, as it were)

• दौष्कुलेयाः (dauṣkuleyāḥ) - ill-born, ill-bred (belonging to a bad family, ill-born, ignoble)

• निर्धर्मार्थम् (nirdharmārtham) - without regard for natural law (dharma) or material purpose (artha) (without (dharma) or (artha), without duty or purpose, against natural law or material gain)

• कर्म (karma) - actions (karma) (action, deed, work, duty (karma))

• कुर्युः (kuryuḥ) - they would perform (they would do, they should do)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• पार्थाः (pārthāḥ) - the Pārthas (Pāṇḍavas) (sons of Pṛthā, Pandavas)

• सः (saḥ) - that (referring to the speaker, Arjuna) (he, that)

• अहम् (aham) - I (Arjuna) (I)

• प्रसाद्य (prasādya) - having propitiated (having propitiated, having appeased, having calmed)

• प्रणतः (praṇataḥ) - having bowed respectfully (bowed down, humble, saluting)

• वासुदेवम् (vāsudevam) - Vāsudeva (Krishna)

• पाञ्चालानाम् (pāñcālānām) - of the Pāñcālas (of the Pāñcālas (people of Pañcāla))

• अधिपम् (adhipam) - the lord (lord, ruler, sovereign)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• एव (eva) - also (only, just, indeed, certainly, even)

• वृद्धम् (vṛddham) - aged (old, aged, grown, increased)

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how (how, why, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

(indeclinable)

नीचाः (nīcāḥ) - ignoble, low-born (low, base, vile, ignoble, humble)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nīca

nīca - low, base, vile, ignoble, humble

Note: Agrees with `pārthāḥ`.

इव (iva) - like (like, as, as it were)

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle of comparison.

दौष्कुलेयाः (dauṣkuleyāḥ) - ill-born, ill-bred (belonging to a bad family, ill-born, ignoble)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dauṣkuleya

dauṣkuleya - belonging to a bad family, ill-born, ignoble

Derived from `duṣkula` (bad family) + `eya` suffix.

Note: Agrees with `pārthāḥ`.

निर्धर्मार्थम् (nirdharmārtham) - without regard for natural law (dharma) or material purpose (artha) (without (dharma) or (artha), without duty or purpose, against natural law or material gain)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nirdharmārtha

nirdharmārtha - without natural law (dharma) or material purpose (artha), without duty or gain

Compound of `nis-` (without) + `dharma` (duty/law) + `artha` (purpose/wealth).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi / tatpuruṣa (nis+dharma+artha)

• nis – without, out, away
  indeclinable
• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness (dharma)
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object
  noun (masculine)

Note: Functions adverbially or as an adjective modifying `karma`.

कर्म (karma) - actions (karma) (action, deed, work, duty (karma))

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of karman

karman - action, deed, work, duty (karma)

From root `√kṛ` (to do).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of `kuryuḥ`.

कुर्युः (kuryuḥ) - they would perform (they would do, they should do)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of kṛ

Optative mood, Parasmaipada, 3rd person plural

Optative form of root `√kṛ` (to do).

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Verb for `pārthāḥ`.

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunctive particle.

पार्थाः (pārthāḥ) - the Pārthas (Pāṇḍavas) (sons of Pṛthā, Pandavas)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (epithet for Arjuna, Yudhishthira, Bhima)

Patronymic from Pṛthā (Kunti).

Note: Subject of `kuryuḥ`.

सः (saḥ) - that (referring to the speaker, Arjuna) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Used as a correlative pronoun.

अहम् (aham) - I (Arjuna) (I)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Note: Subject of the implicit main verb.

प्रसाद्य (prasādya) - having propitiated (having propitiated, having appeased, having calmed)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Absolutive of root `√sad` (to sit, settle) with prefix `pra-`.

Prefix: pra

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Connects to the main verb of the (incomplete) sentence.

प्रणतः (praṇataḥ) - having bowed respectfully (bowed down, humble, saluting)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of praṇata

praṇata - bowed down, humble, saluting

Past Passive Participle

Past Passive Participle of root `pra-√nam` (to bow, salute).

Prefix: pra

Root: nam (class 1)

Note: Describes `aham`.

वासुदेवम् (vāsudevam) - Vāsudeva (Krishna)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vāsudeva

vāsudeva - Vāsudeva (a patronymic of Krishna, son of Vasudeva)

Patronymic from Vasudeva.

Note: Object of `prasādya` and `praṇataḥ`.

पाञ्चालानाम् (pāñcālānām) - of the Pāñcālas (of the Pāñcālas (people of Pañcāla))

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāñcāla

pāñcāla - inhabitant of the Pañcāla country, the Pañcālas

Note: Possessive, modifies `adhipam`.

अधिपम् (adhipam) - the lord (lord, ruler, sovereign)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of adhipa

adhipa - lord, ruler, sovereign

From `adhi` (over) + `pa` (protector, ruler, from √pā).

Prefix: adhi

Root: pā (class 2)

Note: Object of `prasādya` and `praṇataḥ`, modified by `pāñcālānām` and `vṛddham`.

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunctive particle.

एव (eva) - also (only, just, indeed, certainly, even)

(indeclinable)

वृद्धम् (vṛddham) - aged (old, aged, grown, increased)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vṛddha

vṛddha - old, aged, grown, increased

Past Passive Participle

Past Passive Participle of root `√vṛdh` (to grow).

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Agrees with `adhipam`.