महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-21, verse-12

दुर्योधनो भयाद्विद्वन्न दद्यात्पदमन्ततः ।
धर्मतस्तु महीं कृत्स्नां प्रदद्याच्छत्रवेऽपि च ॥१२॥

12. duryodhano bhayādvidvanna dadyātpadamantataḥ ,
dharmatastu mahīṁ kṛtsnāṁ pradadyācchatrave'pi ca.

12. duryodhanaḥ bhayāt vidvan na dadyāt padam antataḥ
dharmataḥ tu mahīm kṛtsnām pradadyāt śatrave api ca

12. O learned one, Duryodhana would not yield an inch, even ultimately, out of fear. But according to (natural) law (dharma), he would readily give the entire earth, even to an enemy.

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - The eldest Kaurava prince, antagonist in the Mahābhārata. (Duryodhana (proper name))

• भयात् (bhayāt) - from fear, out of fear

• विद्वन् (vidvan) - Addressing an esteemed person, likely Dhritarashtra or Vidura. (O learned one, O wise one)

• न (na) - not, no

• दद्यात् (dadyāt) - Would not concede, would not give up. (would give, should give)

• पदम् (padam) - A single step or foot; idiomatically, an inch or a small part. (step, foot, place)

• अन्ततः (antataḥ) - finally, ultimately, at last, at least

• धर्मतः (dharmataḥ) - by (natural) law (dharma), according to righteousness, justly

• तु (tu) - Introduces a contrasting idea. (but, on the other hand, however)

• महीम् (mahīm) - The entire earth or kingdom. (earth, land, ground)

• कृत्स्नाम् (kṛtsnām) - whole, entire, complete

• प्रदद्यात् (pradadyāt) - would give, should give, would bestow

• शत्रवे (śatrave) - to an enemy

• अपि (api) - Emphasizes 'even to an enemy'. (even, also, too)

• च (ca) - Adds emphasis or connects. (and, also)

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - The eldest Kaurava prince, antagonist in the Mahābhārata. (Duryodhana (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - difficult to fight with, difficult to conquer; proper name of the eldest Kaurava prince

Prefix: dur

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

भयात् (bhayāt) - from fear, out of fear

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of bhaya

bhaya - fear, dread, terror

Root: bhī (class 3)

विद्वन् (vidvan) - Addressing an esteemed person, likely Dhritarashtra or Vidura. (O learned one, O wise one)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of vidvas

vidvas - learned, wise, knowing

perfect active participle

Derived from root vid (to know).

Root: vid (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the verb 'dadyāt'.

दद्यात् (dadyāt) - Would not concede, would not give up. (would give, should give)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of dā

Root: dā (class 3)

Note: Used with 'na' to express refusal.

पदम् (padam) - A single step or foot; idiomatically, an inch or a small part. (step, foot, place)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pada

pada - step, foot, mark, trace, word, position

Note: Idiomatic usage 'na dadyāt padam' (would not give a foot/inch).

अन्ततः (antataḥ) - finally, ultimately, at last, at least

(indeclinable)

Ablative ending -tas.

धर्मतः (dharmataḥ) - by (natural) law (dharma), according to righteousness, justly

(indeclinable)

Formed from dharma with the suffix -tas (indicating manner or cause).

तु (tu) - Introduces a contrasting idea. (but, on the other hand, however)

(indeclinable)

महीम् (mahīm) - The entire earth or kingdom. (earth, land, ground)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of mahī

mahī - earth, ground, land, soil

Note: Object of 'pradadyāt'.

कृत्स्नाम् (kṛtsnām) - whole, entire, complete

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kṛtsna

kṛtsna - whole, entire, complete, all

Note: Agrees with mahīm.

प्रदद्यात् (pradadyāt) - would give, should give, would bestow

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (liṅ) of pradā

Prefix: pra

Root: dā (class 3)

Note: The subject 'Duryodhana' is implied from the first clause.

शत्रवे (śatrave) - to an enemy

(noun)

Dative, masculine, singular of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, rival

Note: Dative case indicates 'to whom'.

अपि (api) - Emphasizes 'even to an enemy'. (even, also, too)

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - Adds emphasis or connects. (and, also)

(indeclinable)