वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-67, verse-15

इत्येवमुक्त्वा भरतो महात्मा प्रियेतरैर्वाक्यगणैस्तुदंस्ताम् ।
शोकातुरश्चापि ननाद भूयः सिंहो यथा पर्वतगह्वरस्थः ॥१५॥

15. ityevamuktvā bharato mahātmā priyetarairvākyagaṇaistudaṃstām ,
śokāturaścāpi nanāda bhūyaḥ siṃho yathā parvatagahvarasthaḥ.

15. iti evam uktvā bharataḥ mahātmā
priyetaraiḥ vākyagaṇaiḥ tudan tām
śokāturaḥ ca api nanāda bhūyaḥ
siṃhaḥ yathā parvatagahvarasthaḥ

15. iti evam uktvā,
priyetaraiḥ vākyagaṇaiḥ tām tudan,
śokāturaḥ ca api,
mahātmā bharataḥ,
parvatagahvarasthaḥ siṃhaḥ yathā,
bhūyaḥ nanāda.

15. Having spoken thus, the great-souled (mahatma) Bharata, tormenting her with unpleasant words, and afflicted by grief, roared again, just like a lion within a mountain cave.

Words meanings summery:

• इति (iti) - thus (referring to the preceding speech) (thus, in this manner, so)

• एवम् (evam) - thus, in this very manner (thus, in this way, so)

• उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having spoken (having said, having spoken)

• भरतः (bharataḥ) - Bharata (Bharata (proper noun))

• महात्मा (mahātmā) - great-souled (mahatma) (great-souled, noble-minded, exalted spirit (mahatma))

• प्रियेतरैः (priyetaraiḥ) - by unpleasant (words) (by unpleasant, by undesirable, by harsh)

• वाक्यगणैः (vākyagaṇaiḥ) - by words, by a stream of words (by groups of words, by collections of speeches)

• तुदन् (tudan) - tormenting (tormenting, piercing, harassing)

• ताम् (tām) - her (Kaikeyī) (her, that (feminine accusative singular))

• शोकातुरः (śokāturaḥ) - distressed by grief (distressed by grief, afflicted by sorrow)

• च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

• अपि (api) - also (also, even, moreover)

• ननाद (nanāda) - he roared (he roared, he cried aloud)

• भूयः (bhūyaḥ) - again (again, repeatedly, further, more)

• सिंहः (siṁhaḥ) - lion

• यथा (yathā) - just as, like (as, just as, like, how)

• पर्वतगह्वरस्थः (parvatagahvarasthaḥ) - situated in a mountain cave

Words meanings and morphology

इति (iti) - thus (referring to the preceding speech) (thus, in this manner, so)

(indeclinable)

एवम् (evam) - thus, in this very manner (thus, in this way, so)

(indeclinable)

उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having spoken (having said, having spoken)

(indeclinable)

absolutive (indeclinable participle)

From √vac 'to speak'

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Indicates an action completed before the main verb.

भरतः (bharataḥ) - Bharata (Bharata (proper noun))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bharata

bharata - Bharata (name of a king, brother of Rama)

Note: Subject of 'nanāda'.

महात्मा (mahātmā) - great-souled (mahatma) (great-souled, noble-minded, exalted spirit (mahatma))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahātman

mahātman - great-souled, noble, illustrious, an exalted person (mahatma)

Bahuvrihi compound: mahā (great) + ātman (soul)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+ātman)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, individual soul (ātman), ultimate reality
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies Bharata.

प्रियेतरैः (priyetaraiḥ) - by unpleasant (words) (by unpleasant, by undesirable, by harsh)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of priyetara

priyetara - unpleasant, disagreeable, undesirable

Compound: priya (pleasant) + itara (other, opposite). Literally 'other than pleasant'.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (priya+itara)

• priya – dear, beloved, pleasing, agreeable
  adjective (masculine)
• itara – other, different, opposite, adverse
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'vākyagaṇaiḥ'.

वाक्यगणैः (vākyagaṇaiḥ) - by words, by a stream of words (by groups of words, by collections of speeches)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of vākyagaṇa

vākyagaṇa - collection of words, multitude of speeches

Compound noun: vākya (speech, sentence) + gaṇa (group, collection)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vākya+gaṇa)

• vākya – speech, sentence, word
  noun (neuter)
  From √vac 'to speak'
  Root: vac (class 2)
• gaṇa – group, multitude, collection, troop
  noun (masculine)

Note: Indicates the means of tormenting.

तुदन् (tudan) - tormenting (tormenting, piercing, harassing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tud

tud - to pierce, strike, vex, torment, harass

Present active participle

Present participle of √tud 'to strike, torment'.

Root: tud (class 6)

Note: Refers to Bharata, indicating an action concurrent with 'nanāda'.

ताम् (tām) - her (Kaikeyī) (her, that (feminine accusative singular))

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, she, her

Demonstrative pronoun, feminine singular accusative

Note: Object of 'tudan'.

शोकातुरः (śokāturaḥ) - distressed by grief (distressed by grief, afflicted by sorrow)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śokātura

śokātura - distressed by grief, afflicted by sorrow

Compound adjective: śoka (grief) + ātura (distressed)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śoka+ātura)

• śoka – grief, sorrow, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
  From √śuc 'to grieve'
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• ātura – distressed, afflicted, sick, suffering
  adjective (masculine)
  From √ā-tur 'to hasten to' (figuratively 'afflicted')
  Prefix: ā
  Root: tur (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Bharata.

च (ca) - and (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'śokāturaḥ' with the following action.

अपि (api) - also (also, even, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes that he *also* roared.

ननाद (nanāda) - he roared (he roared, he cried aloud)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of nad

Perfect 3rd singular active

Root: nad (class 1)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

भूयः (bhūyaḥ) - again (again, repeatedly, further, more)

(indeclinable)

Comparative of 'bahu' (much)

Note: Modifies 'nanāda'.

सिंहः (siṁhaḥ) - lion

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of siṃha

siṁha - lion

Note: Part of the simile 'like a lion'.

यथा (yathā) - just as, like (as, just as, like, how)

(indeclinable)

पर्वतगह्वरस्थः (parvatagahvarasthaḥ) - situated in a mountain cave

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parvatagahvarastha

parvatagahvarastha - situated in a mountain cave

Compound adjective: parvata (mountain) + gahvara (cave) + stha (standing/situated)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (parvata+gahvara+stha)

• parvata – mountain, hill
  noun (masculine)
• gahvara – cave, cavern, deep recess, abyss
  noun (neuter)
• stha – standing, staying, situated, being in
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from √sthā 'to stand'
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'siṃhaḥ'.

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