महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-47, verse-3

तेषां कालातिरेकेण ज्योतिषां च व्यतिक्रमात् ।
पञ्चमे पञ्चमे वर्षे द्वौ मासावुपजायतः ॥३॥

3. teṣāṁ kālātirekeṇa jyotiṣāṁ ca vyatikramāt ,
pañcame pañcame varṣe dvau māsāvupajāyataḥ.

3. teṣām kālātirekeṇa jyotiṣām ca vyatikramāt
pañcame pañcame varṣe dvau māsau upajāyataḥ

3. Due to the accumulation of time and the deviation of the luminaries (jyotiṣām) from their usual course, two months are produced in every fifth year.

Words meanings summery:

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - Refers to the seasons and years mentioned in the previous verse. (of them, among them)

• कालातिरेकेण (kālātirekeṇa) - by the excess of time, due to the accumulation of time

• ज्योतिषाम् (jyotiṣām) - of the luminaries, of the heavenly bodies (stars, planets)

• च (ca) - and, also

• व्यतिक्रमात् (vyatikramāt) - from deviation, due to transgression, by going astray

• पञ्चमे (pañcame) - in the fifth

• पञ्चमे (pañcame) - Repetition implies 'every fifth'. (in the fifth)

• वर्षे (varṣe) - in the year

• द्वौ (dvau) - two

• मासौ (māsau) - two months

• उपजायतः (upajāyataḥ) - arise, are produced

Words meanings and morphology

तेषाम् (teṣām) - Refers to the seasons and years mentioned in the previous verse. (of them, among them)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

कालातिरेकेण (kālātirekeṇa) - by the excess of time, due to the accumulation of time

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kālātireka

kālātireka - excess of time, accumulation of time

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kāla+atireka)

• kāla – time
  noun (masculine)
• atireka – excess, surplus, superabundance
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from ati-ric (to exceed).
  Prefix: ati
  Root: ric (class 7)

ज्योतिषाम् (jyotiṣām) - of the luminaries, of the heavenly bodies (stars, planets)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, plural of jyotis

jyotis - light, luminary, star, planet

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

व्यतिक्रमात् (vyatikramāt) - from deviation, due to transgression, by going astray

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of vyatikrama

vyatikrama - deviation, transgression, irregularity

Derived from vi-ati-kram (to transgress, deviate).

Prefixes: vi+ati

Root: kram (class 1)

पञ्चमे (pañcame) - in the fifth

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of pañcama

pañcama - fifth

Note: Agrees with varṣe.

पञ्चमे (pañcame) - Repetition implies 'every fifth'. (in the fifth)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of pañcama

pañcama - fifth

Note: Agrees with varṣe. The repetition 'pañcame pañcame' means 'in every fifth'.

वर्षे (varṣe) - in the year

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of varṣa

varṣa - year, rain, rainy season

द्वौ (dvau) - two

(numeral)

Note: Agrees with māsau.

मासौ (māsau) - two months

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of māsa

māsa - month

उपजायतः (upajāyataḥ) - arise, are produced

(verb)

3rd person , dual, middle, present (laṭ) of jan

Present Middle

Root jan (class 4), ātmanepada, present tense, 3rd person dual with upasarga upa-.

Prefix: upa

Root: jan (class 4)