महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-37, verse-1

ब्रह्मोवाच ।
रजोऽहं वः प्रवक्ष्यामि याथातथ्येन सत्तमाः ।
निबोधत महाभागा गुणवृत्तं च सर्वशः ॥१॥

1. brahmovāca ,
rajo'haṁ vaḥ pravakṣyāmi yāthātathyena sattamāḥ ,
nibodhata mahābhāgā guṇavṛttaṁ ca sarvaśaḥ.

1. brahmā uvāca rajaḥ aham vaḥ pravakṣyāmi yāthātathyena
sattamāḥ nibodhata mahābhāgā guṇavṛttam ca sarvaśaḥ

1. brahmā uvāca sattamāḥ mahābhāgā vaḥ rajaḥ aham
yāthātathyena pravakṣyāmi ca guṇavṛttam sarvaśaḥ nibodhata

1. Brahmā said: "O most excellent ones, O greatly fortunate ones, I will now truthfully explain to you the quality of rajas. Completely understand the activities of the qualities (guṇas)."

Words meanings summery:

• ब्रह्मा (brahmā) - Brahmā, the speaker of these verses (Brahmā (the creator deity))

• उवाच (uvāca) - Brahmā said (said, spoke, declared)

• रजः (rajaḥ) - the quality of rajas (one of the three guṇas) (dust, impurity, passion, the quality of rajas)

• अहम् (aham) - I (Brahmā) (I)

• वः (vaḥ) - to you (the addressed audience) (to you (plural), of you (plural), you (plural accusative))

• प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I (Brahmā) will fully explain (rajas) (I will declare, I will explain, I will fully speak)

• याथातथ्येन (yāthātathyena) - truthfully, precisely as it exists (truthfully, exactly as it is, in reality)

• सत्तमाः (sattamāḥ) - O best among beings (addressed by Brahmā) (O best among beings, O excellent ones, O noble ones)

• निबोधत (nibodhata) - understand (this explanation about rajas and guṇas) (understand, know, perceive, learn)

• महाभागा (mahābhāgā) - O greatly fortunate ones (addressed by Brahmā) (O greatly fortunate ones, O noble ones, O illustrious ones)

• गुणवृत्तम् (guṇavṛttam) - the activities of the three fundamental qualities (guṇas) of nature (the activity of the qualities, the nature of the guṇas)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - completely, in all respects (completely, in all respects, on all sides)

Words meanings and morphology

ब्रह्मा (brahmā) - Brahmā, the speaker of these verses (Brahmā (the creator deity))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of brahmā

brahmā - Brahmā (the creator deity), the Supreme Being

उवाच (uvāca) - Brahmā said (said, spoke, declared)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

perfect active indicative

From root vac (to speak), perfect tense, 3rd person singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

रजः (rajaḥ) - the quality of rajas (one of the three guṇas) (dust, impurity, passion, the quality of rajas)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, impurity, passion, the quality of rajas, the principle of activity in Sāṅkhya philosophy

Note: Object of 'pravakṣyāmi'.

अहम् (aham) - I (Brahmā) (I)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we (first person pronoun)

वः (vaḥ) - to you (the addressed audience) (to you (plural), of you (plural), you (plural accusative))

(pronoun)

Dative, plural of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (second person pronoun, plural)

Note: Enclitic form for dative/genitive plural.

प्रवक्ष्यामि (pravakṣyāmi) - I (Brahmā) will fully explain (rajas) (I will declare, I will explain, I will fully speak)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, future (lṛṭ) of pravac

future active indicative

From root vac (to speak) with prefix pra-. Future tense, 1st person singular.

Prefix: pra

Root: vac (class 2)

याथातथ्येन (yāthātathyena) - truthfully, precisely as it exists (truthfully, exactly as it is, in reality)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of yāthātathya

yāthātathya - truthfulness, reality, exact state, conformity to truth

Derived from yathā + tathā (as it is).

Note: Used adverbially in the instrumental case.

सत्तमाः (sattamāḥ) - O best among beings (addressed by Brahmā) (O best among beings, O excellent ones, O noble ones)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, plural of sattama

sattama - best among the good, most excellent, most virtuous

Superlative of 'sat' (good, existing).

Root: as (class 2)

निबोधत (nibodhata) - understand (this explanation about rajas and guṇas) (understand, know, perceive, learn)

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, imperative (loṭ) of nibudh

imperative active

From root budh (to know) with prefix ni-. Imperative, 2nd person plural.

Prefix: ni

Root: budh (class 1)

महाभागा (mahābhāgā) - O greatly fortunate ones (addressed by Brahmā) (O greatly fortunate ones, O noble ones, O illustrious ones)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, plural of mahābhāga

mahābhāga - greatly fortunate, noble, illustrious, highly respected

Compound of mahat (great) and bhāga (fortune).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahat+bhāga)

• mahat – great, large, important, mighty
  adjective (neuter)
• bhāga – share, portion, fortune, destiny, lot
  noun (masculine)
  From root bhaj (to divide, to obtain).
  Root: bhaj (class 1)

गुणवृत्तम् (guṇavṛttam) - the activities of the three fundamental qualities (guṇas) of nature (the activity of the qualities, the nature of the guṇas)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of guṇavṛtta

guṇavṛtta - activity of the guṇas, the course/behavior of the qualities

Compound of guṇa (quality) and vṛtta (activity, conduct).

Compound type : tatpurusha (guṇa+vṛtta)

• guṇa – quality, attribute, constituent of nature (sattva, rajas, tamas), strand
  noun (masculine)
• vṛtta – activity, conduct, course, event, state, nature
  noun (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root vṛt (to turn, to exist, to proceed).
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Object of 'nibodhata'.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

सर्वशः (sarvaśaḥ) - completely, in all respects (completely, in all respects, on all sides)

(indeclinable)

Derived from sarva (all) with the suffix -śas.