महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-3, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
ब्राह्मण्यं यदि दुष्प्रापं त्रिभिर्वर्णैर्नराधिप ।
कथं प्राप्तं महाराज क्षत्रियेण महात्मना ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
brāhmaṇyaṁ yadi duṣprāpaṁ tribhirvarṇairnarādhipa ,
kathaṁ prāptaṁ mahārāja kṣatriyeṇa mahātmanā.

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca brāhmaṇyam yadi duṣprāpam tribhiḥ varṇaiḥ
narādhipa katham prāptam mahārāja kṣatriyeṇa mahātmanā

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca narādhipa mahārāja yadi brāhmaṇyam tribhiḥ
varṇaiḥ duṣprāpam katham mahātmanā kṣatriyeṇa prāptam

1. Yudhiṣṭhira said: 'O lord of men, if the state of a brāhmaṇa (brāhmaṇya) is difficult for the three (other) social classes (varṇas) to achieve, then how was it attained by that great-souled (mahātman) kṣatriya, O great King?'

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava prince (Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (introducing the question) (said, spoke)

• ब्राह्मण्यम् (brāhmaṇyam) - the status or virtues associated with a brāhmaṇa (brāhmaṇya) (brahminhood, the state or character of a brāhmaṇa)

• यदि (yadi) - introduces a conditional clause (if, in case)

• दुष्प्रापम् (duṣprāpam) - hard to achieve for others (difficult to obtain, hard to reach)

• त्रिभिः (tribhiḥ) - by the three other varṇas (social classes) (by three)

• वर्णैः (varṇaiḥ) - by the three (other) social classes (varṇas) (by the social classes, by colors)

• नराधिप (narādhipa) - O Bhīṣma (address from Yudhiṣṭhira) (O king, O lord of men)

• कथम् (katham) - inquiring about the method of attainment (how? in what manner?)

• प्राप्तम् (prāptam) - was attained (referring to brāhmaṇya) (obtained, reached, achieved)

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O Bhīṣma (address from Yudhiṣṭhira) (O great king)

• क्षत्रियेण (kṣatriyeṇa) - by Sudarśana, who was a kṣatriya (kṣatriya) by birth (by a kṣatriya, by a member of the warrior class)

• महात्मना (mahātmanā) - by Sudarśana, who was a noble Kṣatriya (by the great-souled one, by the noble one)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava prince (Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - steady in battle, firm in war, name of the eldest Pāṇḍava

Compound of yudhi (in battle) and sthira (firm)

Compound type : Aluk-tatpuruṣa (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle, in war
  noun (feminine)
  Locative singular of yudh (battle)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective (masculine)
  From root sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Subject of uvāca

उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (introducing the question) (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect

Third person singular Perfect Active Parasmaipada of root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

ब्राह्मण्यम् (brāhmaṇyam) - the status or virtues associated with a brāhmaṇa (brāhmaṇya) (brahminhood, the state or character of a brāhmaṇa)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of brāhmaṇya

brāhmaṇya - brahminhood, condition of a brāhmaṇa, sacredness

Derived from brāhmaṇa (Brahmin)

यदि (yadi) - introduces a conditional clause (if, in case)

(indeclinable)

दुष्प्रापम् (duṣprāpam) - hard to achieve for others (difficult to obtain, hard to reach)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duṣprāpa

duṣprāpa - difficult to obtain, hard to reach

Compound of dus (bad, difficult) and prāpa (to be obtained)

Compound type : Prādi-samāsa (dus+prāpa)

• dus – bad, ill, difficult
  indeclinable
• prāpa – to be obtained, attainable
  gerundive (masculine)
  Gerundive
  From root āp (to obtain) with prefix pra
  Prefix: pra
  Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Predicate adjective for brāhmaṇyam

त्रिभिः (tribhiḥ) - by the three other varṇas (social classes) (by three)

(numeral)

Note: Agrees with varṇaiḥ

वर्णैः (varṇaiḥ) - by the three (other) social classes (varṇas) (by the social classes, by colors)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of varṇa

varṇa - color, outward appearance, social class (varṇa), letter (alphabet)

Root: vṛ (class 5)

नराधिप (narādhipa) - O Bhīṣma (address from Yudhiṣṭhira) (O king, O lord of men)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of narādhipa

narādhipa - king, lord of men

Tatpuruṣa compound of nara (men) and adhipa (lord)

Compound type : Ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (nara+adhipa)

• nara – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• adhipa – lord, ruler, master
  noun (masculine)
  From adhi (over) + root pā (to protect)
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: pā (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - inquiring about the method of attainment (how? in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

प्राप्तम् (prāptam) - was attained (referring to brāhmaṇya) (obtained, reached, achieved)

(participle)

Nominative, neuter, singular of prāpta

prāpta - obtained, reached, acquired

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root āp (to obtain) with prefix pra

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

महाराज (mahārāja) - O Bhīṣma (address from Yudhiṣṭhira) (O great king)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king, emperor

Karmadhāraya compound of mahā (great) and rājan (king)

Compound type : Karmadhāraya (mahā+rājan)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

क्षत्रियेण (kṣatriyeṇa) - by Sudarśana, who was a kṣatriya (kṣatriya) by birth (by a kṣatriya, by a member of the warrior class)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kṣatriya

kṣatriya - kṣatriya, member of the warrior class, royal

Derived from kṣatra (rule, dominion)

महात्मना (mahātmanā) - by Sudarśana, who was a noble Kṣatriya (by the great-souled one, by the noble one)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of mahātman

mahātman - great-souled, noble, highly endowed, a great personage

Bahuvrihi compound: mahā (great) + ātman (self/soul)

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (mahā+ātman)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)