महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-238, verse-1

व्यास उवाच ।
प्रकृतेस्तु विकारा ये क्षेत्रज्ञस्तैः परिश्रितः ।
ते चैनं न प्रजानन्ति स तु जानाति तानपि ॥१॥

1. vyāsa uvāca ,
prakṛtestu vikārā ye kṣetrajñastaiḥ pariśritaḥ ,
te cainaṁ na prajānanti sa tu jānāti tānapi.

1. vyāsaḥ uvāca prakṛteḥ tu vikārāḥ ye kṣetrajñaḥ taiḥ
pariśritaḥ te ca enam na prajānanti saḥ tu jānāti tān api

1. vyāsaḥ uvāca ye prakṛteḥ vikārāḥ tu taiḥ kṣetrajñaḥ
pariśritaḥ ca te enam na prajānanti tu saḥ tān api jānāti

1. Vyāsa said: The knower of the field (kṣetrajña) is enveloped by the modifications of primordial nature (prakṛti). However, these modifications do not know him, but he indeed knows them.

Words meanings summery:

• व्यासः (vyāsaḥ) - Vyāsa (a revered sage)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• प्रकृतेः (prakṛteḥ) - of nature, of primordial matter

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, on the other hand

• विकाराः (vikārāḥ) - modifications, transformations, changes, products

• ये (ye) - who, which (masculine plural nominative)

• क्षेत्रज्ञः (kṣetrajñaḥ) - knower of the field, the individual soul (ātman)

• तैः (taiḥ) - by them (masculine/neuter plural instrumental)

• परिश्रितः (pariśritaḥ) - surrounded, enveloped, covered

• ते (te) - they (masculine plural nominative)

• च (ca) - and

• एनम् (enam) - him (masculine singular accusative)

• न (na) - not

• प्रजानन्ति (prajānanti) - they know, they understand

• सः (saḥ) - he (masculine singular nominative)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, on the other hand

• जानाति (jānāti) - he knows, he understands

• तान् (tān) - them (masculine plural accusative)

• अपि (api) - also, even

Words meanings and morphology

व्यासः (vyāsaḥ) - Vyāsa (a revered sage)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyāsa

vyāsa - Vyasa, compiler

Prefixes: vi+as

Root: as (class 4)

Note: Speaker of the verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Tense

Perfect active 3rd singular of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

प्रकृतेः (prakṛteḥ) - of nature, of primordial matter

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of prakṛti

prakṛti - primordial nature, fundamental constituent of reality, material cause

from pra-kṛ (to make, to do)

Prefix: pra

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Specifies the origin of 'vikārāḥ'.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, on the other hand

(indeclinable)

conjunction

विकाराः (vikārāḥ) - modifications, transformations, changes, products

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vikāra

vikāra - change, alteration, modification, product, transformation

from vi-kṛ (to change, modify)

Prefix: vi

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject of the relative clause.

ये (ye) - who, which (masculine plural nominative)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of yad

yad - who, which, what

relative pronoun

क्षेत्रज्ञः (kṣetrajñaḥ) - knower of the field, the individual soul (ātman)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣetrajña

kṣetrajña - knower of the field, the soul, individual consciousness (puruṣa)

Compound of kṣetra (field/body) + jña (knower)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kṣetra+jña)

• kṣetra – field, body, abode
  noun (neuter)
• jña – knower
  adjective
  from jñā (to know)
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Main subject of the second clause.

तैः (taiḥ) - by them (masculine/neuter plural instrumental)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

demonstrative pronoun

Note: Agent of being 'surrounded'.

परिश्रितः (pariśritaḥ) - surrounded, enveloped, covered

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pariśrita

pariśrita - surrounded, covered, enveloped

Past Passive Participle

from pari-śri (to lean upon, cover, surround)

Prefix: pari

Root: śri (class 1)

ते (te) - they (masculine plural nominative)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

demonstrative pronoun

Note: Subject of the verb 'prajānanti'.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

conjunction

एनम् (enam) - him (masculine singular accusative)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of enad

enad - him, this one

anaphoric pronoun

Note: Object of 'prajānanti'.

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

negative particle

प्रजानन्ति (prajānanti) - they know, they understand

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of pra-jñā

Present Tense

Present active 3rd plural of pra-jñā

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

सः (saḥ) - he (masculine singular nominative)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

demonstrative pronoun

Note: Subject of 'jānāti'.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, on the other hand

(indeclinable)

conjunction

जानाति (jānāti) - he knows, he understands

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of jñā

Present Tense

Present active 3rd singular of jñā

Root: jñā (class 9)

तान् (tān) - them (masculine plural accusative)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

demonstrative pronoun

Note: Object of 'jānāti'.

अपि (api) - also, even

(indeclinable)

particle