महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-214, verse-8

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युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
कथं सदोपवासी स्याद्ब्रह्मचारी कथं भवेत् ।
विघसाशी कथं च स्यात्सदा चैवातिथिप्रियः ॥८॥

8. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
kathaṁ sadopavāsī syādbrahmacārī kathaṁ bhavet ,
vighasāśī kathaṁ ca syātsadā caivātithipriyaḥ.

8. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca kathaṃ sadopavāsī syāt brahmacārī kathaṃ
bhavet vighasāśī kathaṃ ca syāt sadā ca eva atithipriyaḥ

8. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca kathaṃ sadopavāsī syāt kathaṃ brahmacārī
bhavet ca kathaṃ vighasāśī syāt ca sadā eva atithipriyaḥ

8. Yudhiṣṭhira said: 'How can one always be fasting? How can one be a celibate (brahmacārī)? And how can one always eat remnants (vighasāśī) and always be hospitable?'

Words meanings summery:

(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas, known for his righteousness (dharma) (Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name))

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner)

सदोपवासी (sadopavāsī) - one who maintains a state of constant fasting or controlled eating (always fasting, perpetually observing a fast)

स्यात् (syāt) - may be (may be, should be)

ब्रह्मचारी (brahmacārī) - one who practices celibacy or spiritual conduct (brahmacarya) (a celibate, a student of the Vedas, one who practices Brahmacharya)

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner)

भवेत् (bhavet) - may one be (may one be, should one be)

विघसाशी (vighasāśī) - one who eats only the food left over after feeding guests, deities, or dependents (eating the remnants (after guests/gods))

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

स्यात् (syāt) - may be (may be, should be)

सदा (sadā) - always (always, ever)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

एव (eva) - indeed, emphasizing the quality (indeed, just, only)

अतिथिप्रियः (atithipriyaḥ) - one who is always welcoming and generous to guests (fond of guests, hospitable)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas, known for his righteousness (dharma) (Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - steady in battle, Yudhiṣṭhira (name of the eldest Pāṇḍava brother)

Compound type : aluk-samāsa (yudhi+sthira)

yudhi – in battle (locative of yudh)
noun (feminine)
Root: yudh (class 4)
sthira – firm, steady, stable
adjective (masculine)
Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

perfect tense, third person singular

root 'vac' (to speak), Parasmaipada, perfect, 3rd singular

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Preceded by the subject.

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

सदोपवासी (sadopavāsī) - one who maintains a state of constant fasting or controlled eating (always fasting, perpetually observing a fast)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sadopavāsin

sadopavāsin - always fasting, perpetually observing a fast

agent noun derived from verb

from 'sadā' (always) + 'upavāsin' (fasting)

Compound type : avyayībhāva / tatpurusha (sadā+upavāsin)

sadā – always, ever
indeclinable
upavāsin – fasting, observer of a fast
adjective (masculine)
agent noun derived from verb
from 'upa' (prefix) + 'vas' (to dwell/stay) or 'vas' (to wear), typically meaning to 'sit near' (gods, dharma) or 'abstain from food'
Prefix: upa
Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective to implied subject (one).

स्यात् (syāt) - may be (may be, should be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of as

optative mood, third person singular

root 'as' (to be), Parasmaipada, optative, 3rd singular

Root: as (class 2)

Note: The verb for the implied subject.

ब्रह्मचारी (brahmacārī) - one who practices celibacy or spiritual conduct (brahmacarya) (a celibate, a student of the Vedas, one who practices Brahmacharya)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of brahmacārin

brahmacārin - a religious student, a celibate, one who practices Brahmacharya

agent noun derived from verb

from 'brahman' (Vedas, sacred knowledge) + 'carin' (practicing, moving)

Compound type : tatpurusha (brahman+carin)

brahman – sacred utterance, sacred knowledge (Vedas), the Absolute (brahman)
noun (neuter)
Root: bṛh (class 1)
carin – moving, walking, practicing, adhering to
adjective (masculine)
agent noun derived from verb
from root 'car' (to move/practice) + 'in' suffix
Root: car (class 1)

Note: Predicate noun to implied subject (one).

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

भवेत् (bhavet) - may one be (may one be, should one be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of bhū

optative mood, third person singular

root 'bhū' (to be/become), Parasmaipada, optative, 3rd singular

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: The verb for the implied subject.

विघसाशी (vighasāśī) - one who eats only the food left over after feeding guests, deities, or dependents (eating the remnants (after guests/gods))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vighasāśin

vighasāśin - eating the remains of a meal (after guests, gods, or dependents have eaten); one who lives on remnants

agent noun derived from verb

from 'vighasa' (remnants) + 'āśin' (eating)

Compound type : tatpurusha (vighasa+āśin)

vighasa – remnants of a meal, leavings, what is eaten
noun (masculine)
Prefix: vi
Root: ghas (class 1)
āśin – eating, eater
adjective (masculine)
agent noun derived from verb
from root 'aś' (to eat) + 'in' suffix
Root: aś (class 5)

Note: Predicate adjective to implied subject (one).

कथं (kathaṁ) - how (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction

स्यात् (syāt) - may be (may be, should be)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of as

optative mood, third person singular

root 'as' (to be), Parasmaipada, optative, 3rd singular