वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-75, verse-11

तपस्तप्यति वृत्रे तु वासवः परमार्तवत् ।
विष्णुं समुपसंक्रम्य वाक्यमेतदुवाच ह ॥११॥

11. tapastapyati vṛtre tu vāsavaḥ paramārtavat ,
viṣṇuṃ samupasaṃkramya vākyametaduvāca ha.

11. tapaḥ tapyati vṛtre tu vāsavaḥ paramārtavat
viṣṇum samupasaṃkramya vākyam etat uvāca ha

11. vṛtre tapaḥ tapyati tu vāsavaḥ paramārtavat
viṣṇum samupasaṃkramya etat vākyam ha uvāca

11. When Vṛtra was engaged in severe austerity (tapas), Indra, like one in extreme distress, approached Viṣṇu (Viṣṇu) and spoke these words.

Words meanings summery:

• तपः (tapaḥ) - ascetic practice (austerity, penance, heat)

• तप्यति (tapyati) - performs (austerity) (performs austerity, practices penance, burns, suffers)

• वृत्रे (vṛtre) - when Vṛtra (was performing austerity) (in Vṛtra, by Vṛtra)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• वासवः (vāsavaḥ) - Indra (Indra (son of Vasu))

• परमार्तवत् (paramārtavat) - like one greatly distressed, extremely afflicted

• विष्णुम् (viṣṇum) - Viṣṇu

• समुपसंक्रम्य (samupasaṁkramya) - having approached fully, having come near

• वाक्यम् (vākyam) - these words, this statement (word, speech, statement)

• एतत् (etat) - this

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• ह (ha) - indeed, surely

Words meanings and morphology

तपः (tapaḥ) - ascetic practice (austerity, penance, heat)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, heat, spiritual fervor

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Object of tapyati.

तप्यति (tapyati) - performs (austerity) (performs austerity, practices penance, burns, suffers)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of tap

Present tense, active voice

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Subject is implicitly Vṛtra (indicated by locative vṛtre acting as an agent in this context).

वृत्रे (vṛtre) - when Vṛtra (was performing austerity) (in Vṛtra, by Vṛtra)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of vṛtra

vṛtra - Vṛtra (name of an asura/demon), cloud, obstacle

Note: Refers to the demon Vṛtra.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a contrasting or sequential idea.

वासवः (vāsavaḥ) - Indra (Indra (son of Vasu))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vāsava

vāsava - Indra, chief of the Vasus

Note: Subject of uvāca.

परमार्तवत् (paramārtavat) - like one greatly distressed, extremely afflicted

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of paramārtavat

paramārtavat - like one greatly distressed, exceedingly troubled

Compound: parama (supreme) + ārta (distressed) + vat (like).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (parama+ārta+vat)

• parama – supreme, highest
  adjective
• ārta – distressed, afflicted, suffering
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root ṛ (to go, move).
  Root: ṛ (class 1)
• vat – like, resembling
  indeclinable
  Suffix indicating similarity.

Note: Describes vāsavaḥ.

विष्णुम् (viṣṇum) - Viṣṇu

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of viṣṇu

viṣṇu - Viṣṇu (name of a deity)

Note: Object of samupasaṃkramya.

समुपसंक्रम्य (samupasaṁkramya) - having approached fully, having come near

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

From root kram (to step) with prefixes sam, upa, and sam.

Prefixes: sam+upa+sam

Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Precedes the main verb uvāca.

वाक्यम् (vākyam) - these words, this statement (word, speech, statement)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vākya

vākya - speech, word, sentence, statement

From root vac (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Object of uvāca.

एतत् (etat) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, that (near)

Note: Describes vākyam.

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense, active voice

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

ह (ha) - indeed, surely

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.