वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-17, verse-19

उपवासेन शोकेन ध्यानेन च भयेन च ।
परिक्षीणां कृशां दीनामल्पाहारां तपोधनाम् ॥१९॥

19. upavāsena śokena dhyānena ca bhayena ca ,
parikṣīṇāṃ kṛśāṃ dīnāmalpāhārāṃ tapodhanām.

19. upavāsena śokena dhyānena ca bhayena ca
parikṣīṇām kṛśām dīnām alpāhārām tapodhanām

19. She was greatly emaciated, thin, distressed, subsisting on little food, and rich in spiritual austerity (tapas), all caused by fasting, grief, meditation (dhyāna), and fear.

Words meanings summery:

• उपवासेन (upavāsena) - by fasting, through abstinence

• शोकेन (śokena) - by grief, through sorrow

• ध्यानेन (dhyānena) - by meditation, through contemplation

• च (ca) - and

• भयेन (bhayena) - by fear, through apprehension

• च (ca) - and

• परिक्षीणाम् (parikṣīṇām) - greatly emaciated (referring to Sītā) (greatly emaciated, wasted away, worn out (accusative))

• कृशाम् (kṛśām) - thin (referring to Sītā) (thin, lean, emaciated (accusative))

• दीनाम् (dīnām) - distressed (referring to Sītā) (miserable, distressed, wretched (accusative))

• अल्पाहाराम् (alpāhārām) - subsisting on little food (referring to Sītā) (eating little, subsisting on little food (accusative))

• तपोधनाम् (tapodhanām) - whose wealth is spiritual austerity (referring to Sītā) (whose wealth is austerity, rich in penance (accusative))

Words meanings and morphology

उपवासेन (upavāsena) - by fasting, through abstinence

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of upavāsa

upavāsa - fasting, abstinence from food, a fast

From 'upa' (near) + 'vas' (to dwell) -> 'upavāsa' (dwelling near [the deity], i.e., fasting).

Prefix: upa

Root: vas (class 2)

शोकेन (śokena) - by grief, through sorrow

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śoka

śoka - grief, sorrow, lamentation, anguish, pain

From the root √śuc 'to grieve, sorrow'.

Root: śuc (class 1)

ध्यानेन (dhyānena) - by meditation, through contemplation

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of dhyāna

dhyāna - meditation, contemplation, thought, reflection

From the root √dhyai 'to meditate, contemplate'.

Root: dhyai (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunctive particle, usually placed after the word it connects.

भयेन (bhayena) - by fear, through apprehension

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of bhaya

bhaya - fear, dread, apprehension, danger, terror

From the root √bhī 'to fear'.

Root: bhī (class 3)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunctive particle, usually placed after the word it connects.

परिक्षीणाम् (parikṣīṇām) - greatly emaciated (referring to Sītā) (greatly emaciated, wasted away, worn out (accusative))

(participle)

Accusative, feminine, singular of parikṣīṇa

parikṣīṇa - greatly emaciated, wasted away, worn out, diminished, decayed

Past Passive Participle

From pari- (around, completely) + √kṣi (class 5, P) 'to waste away, decay'.

Prefix: pari

Root: kṣi (class 5)

Note: Agrees with the implied feminine object (Sītā).

कृशाम् (kṛśām) - thin (referring to Sītā) (thin, lean, emaciated (accusative))

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kṛśa

kṛśa - thin, lean, emaciated, slender, weak, small

Note: Agrees with the implied feminine object (Sītā).

दीनाम् (dīnām) - distressed (referring to Sītā) (miserable, distressed, wretched (accusative))

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dīna

dīna - miserable, distressed, wretched, sorrowful, dejected, poor

Past Passive Participle

From the root √dai (class 1, P) 'to be depressed, fade, lament'.

Root: dai (class 1)

Note: Agrees with the implied feminine object (Sītā).

अल्पाहाराम् (alpāhārām) - subsisting on little food (referring to Sītā) (eating little, subsisting on little food (accusative))

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of alpāhāra

alpāhāra - eating little, moderate in diet, abstemious, whose food is little

Compound type : bahuvrihi (alpa+āhāra)

• alpa – little, small, few, scanty
  adjective
• āhāra – food, sustenance, diet, taking, collecting
  noun (masculine)
  From ā- + √hṛ 'to take, collect'.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: Agrees with the implied feminine object (Sītā).

तपोधनाम् (tapodhanām) - whose wealth is spiritual austerity (referring to Sītā) (whose wealth is austerity, rich in penance (accusative))

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tapodhana

tapodhana - one whose wealth is austerity/penance, rich in penance, ascetic

Compound type : bahuvrihi (tapas+dhana)

• tapas – penance, austerity, spiritual exertion, asceticism, heat
  noun (neuter)
  From the root √tap 'to heat, to perform austerity'.
  Root: tap (class 1)
• dhana – wealth, riches, property, treasure, money
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with the implied feminine object (Sītā).